• Health Policy and Management
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 1999

An increasing number of hospitals are seeking for new or mixed compensation strategies to improve the productivity of their medical staff in the struggle to provide high quality medical services at low costs amid the economic hardship. To motivate physicians toward the right direction, it is necessary to effectively evaluate their performance that provides a basis for compensation. However, productivity has been historically difficult to measure, particularly for physicians in academic medical centers who are expected to engage in research, education, and patient care simultaneously. The objectives of this study were to define performance measures of physicians and clinical departments in academic medical centers. to examine correlations between the measures. and to investigate factors affecting the measures. The performance data of 212 faculty physicians in 17 clinical departments in two university teaching hospitals affiliated to one medical school during the fiscal year 1994 was used for analyses. Patient care revenue, net profit. and adjusted number of patients were defined to measure the performance in patient care. and number of articles published in academic journals and research grant were defined for research activities. Both individual physicians' performance measures and per physician measures of clinical departments were analyzed. All measures defined to evaluate individual physicians' performance were positively related to each other. Clinical department and rank of faculty position were statistically significant predictors of revenue. and hospital. clinical department. and rank were significant predictors of net profit. journal publication. and research grant. Patient care measures defined to evaluate clinical departments were related to each other. so were research measures. and no significant correlations were found between patient care measures and research measures. Also found were large differences in department. ranks when clinical departments were evaluated by absolute per physician performance measures and evaluated by annual rate of changes in performance measures. These findings suggest that departmental performance measures opposed to individual performance measures are relatively free from problems of factors affecting the performance measures that are not in control of clinical departments or individual physicians. Results from the correlation analysis of departmental performance measures indicates that measures of research performance should be included in the evaluation to promote research activities in academic medical centers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.3-8
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• 2007

Technical Measures includes Measures of Effectiveness(MOEs), Key Performance Parameters(KPPs), Measures of Performance(MOPs) and/or Technical Performance Measures(TPMs). Technical measurement is the set of measurement activities used to provide supplier and/ or acquirer insight into progress in the definition and development of the technical solution, ongoing assessment of the associated risks and issues. This paper describes how technical measures can be applied, using the measurement process described in the previous study and shows the relationship between the various types of technical measures.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.12 no.4 s.30
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• pp.307-315
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• 2005

There exist many measures of fuzzy directed divergence corresponding to the existing probabilistic measures. Some new measures of fuzzy divergence have been proposed which correspond to some well-known existing probabilistic measures. The essential properties of the proposed measures have been developed which contains many existing measures of fuzzy directed divergence.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.3-21
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• 2020

This study focuses on the binding power of the interim measures of the arbitral tribunal in ICSID arbitration and the effects of non-compliance. Upon consideration of the intentions of those who made these rules, given the interpretation of the provisions of Article 47 of the ICSID Convention and Article 39 of the ICSID Arbitration Rules, it was found reasonable to consider that the interim measures made by the arbitral tribunal in ICSID arbitration were not binding. However, in actual ICSID arbitration, most arbitral tribunals approve the binding power of the interim measures based on the purposes and the characteristics of the interim measures. As such, there is a certain distance between the legislative intention for interim measures in ICSID arbitration and the judicial practice, but considering the demand for maintaining the integrity of the arbitration procedure, it is reasonable to consider that the interim measures are binding. In addition, the fact that the interim measures have binding power can increase the possibility that the party will comply with the interim measures. Thus, the binding power of interim measures not only encourages voluntary compliance to the interim measures of the party, but can also cause negative consequences for the party if it is not met. In other words, the arbitral tribunal will be able to form negative inferences against the party who does not comply with it in a procedural side, and in the practical side, the party who does not comply with the interim measures will be compensated for the additional damages for non-compliance.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.43-72
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• 2019

This study examines the trends, current situation and implications of non-tariff measures (NTM) and specific trade concerns (STC) on the protection trade measures of ASEAN. ASEAN's non-tariff measures and the share of specific trade concerns are very significant as they are the second and third largest, respectively, of the major countries. This means that protection measures using non-tariff measures are a strong feature of ASEAN's trade policy. Also, in the future, ASEAN should try to prevent unnecessary disputes caused by exporting countries' specific trade concerns in the implementation of non-tariff measures. Activating trade policy cooperation is likely to reduce conflicts and costs caused by these trade disputes.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.165-180
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• 1997

Mitigation measures in EIS are the important factors in the effectiveness of EIS. This paper analyzed the content of mitigation measures described in the 30 EISs selected, using 7 analysis items in order to discover the degree of effectiveness of mitigation measures. 30 EISs used in this study were selected through variance maximization strategy, and the 7 analysis items were; 1) thoroughness of mitigation content, 2) quantification of mitigation content, 3) explicit description of mitigation effect, 4) likelihood of mitigation effect, 5) impacted area of mitigation effect, 6) time frame of mitigation effect, and 7) environmental impact of mitigation measures. The results showed that the effectiveness of mitigation measures in the analyzed EISs was relatively low both in the appropriateness and in the specificity. It was suggested that in order to improve the appropriateness of EIS as a decision making tool, the effect of mitigation measures, as well as the mitigation measures themselves, should be studied and described more thoroughly and specifically.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.130-138
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• 2007

To protect the surface of ground-cutting slopes occurring at the national road substitute detour [roundabout road]construction jobsite between Munduk and Wubokgu within the jurisdiction of Pohang-si and environment-friendly road construction, a test execution of re-vegetation measures on the major slopes was done and the results are as follows : As a result of finding out the number of sprouting individuals on the test construction site, the average number of sprouting individuals on the three test spots by the method of revegetation measures D, revegetation measures A, and revegetation measures B was 1,292 number of per square meter, 1,190 number of per square meter, and 1,095 number of per square meter respectively, which statistics were higher than those of test spot by the revegetation measures C. As a result of finding out living plant's breeding index [weight in dried state], the average dried weight of living plant at the test spot by the method of revegetation measures B, in case of foreign herbal species, was the highest marking 8.96 grams per square meter, and the next was 6.86grams per square meter by the method of revegetation measures D, and the next after was 6.80 grams per square meter by the method of revegetation measures A, and the last 5.93 grams per square meter by the method of revegetation measures C. As a result of finding out the covering degree on the slopes, the same average covering degree of 80% and 77.5% in revegetation measures A and revegetation measures D individually, which showed a somewhat higher covering degree than those of revegetation measures B and revegetation measures C. As a result of finding out appearing plants on the test construction site, seeding plant life was found to be sprouting on all test spot while native and foreign herbal species and herbaceous plant as well as shrubs were growing in good harmony with each other. However, in case of revegetation measures B and revegetation measures C method, foreign plant species are dominantly growing. As a result of inspecting rifts on the slopes and the excavated state by water, there existed cracks in some of base materials only in revegetation measures C method applied spot.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.469-474
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• 2014

Fuzzy measures in this paper are a class of distorted Lebesgue measures (see [5]). We investigate some properties of the derivatives with respect to distorted Lebesgue measures and give some important examples.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2015

Background: The physical work demands of construction work can be reduced using ergonomic measures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ergonomic measures related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among construction workers. Methods: A questionnaire was sent at baseline and 2 years later to 1,130 construction workers. We established (1) the proportion of workers reporting an increase in their use of ergonomic measures, (2) the proportion of workers reporting a decrease in MSDs, (3) the relative risk for an increase in the use of ergonomic measures and a decrease in MSDs, and (4) workers' knowledge and opinions about the use of ergonomic measures. Results: At follow-up, response rate was 63% (713/1,130). The proportion of workers using ergonomic measures for vertical transport increased (34%, 144/419, p < 0.01); for measures regarding horizontal transport and the positioning of materials, no change was reported. The proportion of workers reporting shoulder complaints decreased (28%, 176/638, p = 0.02). A relationship between the use of ergonomic measures and MSDs was not found; 83% (581/704) of the workers indicated having sufficient knowledge about ergonomic measures. Lightening the physical load was reported to be the main reason for using them. Conclusion: Only the use of ergonomic measures for vertical transport increased over a 2-year period. No relationship between the use of ergonomic measures and MSDs was found. Strategies aimed at improving the availability of ergonomic equipment complemented with individualized advice and training in using them might be the required next steps to increase the use of ergonomic measures.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 2016

The statistical measures of the coastal environmental data are used in a variety of statistical inferences, hypothesis tests, and data-driven modeling. If the measures are biased, then the statistical estimations and models may also be biased and this potential for bias is great when data contain some outliers defined as extraordinary large or small data values. This study aims to suggest more robust statistical measures as alternatives to more commonly used measures and to assess the performance these robust measures through a quantitative evaluation of more typical measures, such as in terms of locations, spreads, and shapes, with regard to environmental monitoring data in the Busan coastal sea. The detection of outliers within the data was carried out on the basis of Rosner's test. About 5-10% of the nutrient data were found to contain outliers based on Rosner's test. After removal (zero-weighting) of the outliers in the data sets, the relative change ratios of the mean and standard deviation between before and after outlier-removal conditions revealed the figures 13 and 33%, respectively. The variation magnitudes of skewness and kurtosis are 1.36 and 8.11 in a decreasing trend, respectively. On the other hand, the change ratios for more robust measures regarding the mean and standard deviation are 3.7-10.5%, and the variation magnitudes of robust skewness and kurtosis are about only 2-4% of the magnitude of the non-robust measures. The robust measures can be regarded as outlier-resistant statistical measures based on the relatively small changes in the scenarios before and after outlier removal conditions.