• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.237-241
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• 2015

Background: We investigated the effectiveness of pain management and the adverse events of intravenous (IV) patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after orthopedic surgery. Methods: From September 2014 and August 2015, we performed a retrospective analysis of 77 patients who underwent orthopedic surgery of the shoulder or the elbow in our hospital. The composition of the intravenous PCA administered to the patients was as follows: 250 mg of dexketoprofen trametamol, 70 mg of oxycodone, and 0.6 mg of ramosetron, which were made up to 79 ml of normal saline. We evaluated and statistically analyzed the difference in the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain at immediate postoperation, at 24 hours of PCA, at 72 hours of PCA, and after discontinuation of PCA and in the incidence of adverse events. Results: We found that VAS score decreased for 3 postoperative days and that with discontinuation of IV PCA a meaningful change in VAS score was no longer seen. Of the 77 patients, 22 presented with adverse events (28.6%). We terminated IV PCA temporarily in the 21 patients who presented with adverse events; we terminated analgesia permanently in one patient (1.2%). Consequently, 76 of 77 patients carried out IV PCA till the designated period. Conclusions: Intravenous PCA after orthopedic surgery of the shoulder or the elbow may be accompanied with adverse events. Careful assessment of the patient and treatment of the adverse outcomes are key to a successful maintenance of PCA and to a successful management of postoperative pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.398-405
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was aimed to compare the effect between wet gauze with cold normal saline and wet gauze with cold water on thirst, oral cavity condition, and saliva pH among postoperative patients. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with 56 participants. The experimental group received wet gauze with cold normal saline, and control group received wet gauze with cold water for three times at 15 minute intervals. Data were collected using visual analog scale for thirst, oral assessment guide for oral cavity condition and acidity tape for saliva pH. Measurement were made before applying the gauze and at 15min, 30min, and 45min after applying gauze. Data were analyzed using repeated measured ANOVA. Results: Thirst, oral cavity condition, and saliva pH improved in both groups with increasing number of gauze application. Thirst for the experimental group improved more than for the control group (F=4.29, p=.009), oral cavity condition except saliva, and saliva pH were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion: This study results indicated that nurses can apply wet gauze with cold normal saline to reduce thirst and saliva acidity, and to improve the oral cavity condition for postoperative patients.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-15
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• 1995

The quality of mother-infant interaction during early postpartum period has a significant influence on the child growth and development in many aspects. The mother's initial perception of the newborns might have the lasting influence on the development of the mother-infant attachment and mother-infant relationship. Therefore the proper mother-infant interaction should be developed after infant birth. However, it is acknowledged that the high risk infants influence on the mothers' perception because of their abnormalities or disorders of physical condition and the restricted maternal contacts and interactions. The object of this study is to identify the difference of mother's perception of their normal and high-risk newborn during the early postpartum period. The ultimate goal is to contribute to use this basic data to develop nursing intervention toward the promotion of healthy mother-infant relationship and the helping of growth and development of children. The data were collected for this study from Sep. 21, 1990 to Oct. 1. 1991 at E University Hospital. The sample was 83 of mothers who had normal newborns and 73 mothers who had high risk newborns .The instrument was Neonatal Perception Inventory(NPI) designed by the Broussard for the measurement of mothers' perception of newborns about Average Baby and Your Baby. The data were analysed by using an SPSS Program and include percentage mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The normal newborn mothers' perception is more positive than the high-risk newborn mothers(t=7.94, p=0.000). 2. Mothers' perception of the newborns is not related significantly to mothers' general characteristics. In conclusion, in order to promote positive, healthy mother-infant relationship, the nurse need to support, give information, and educate high-risk newborn mothers through early nursing assessment.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2016

This study is to analyze the explosion and fire risks due to high temperature and short circuit current of Lithium batteries. This study selected the typical types of Li-polymer batteries and Li-ion batteries as the test samples. The result of explosion risk assessment due to the high temperature showed that, while a Li-polymer battery had $170^{\circ}C$ explosion on average, a Li-ion battery had $187^{\circ}C$ explosion. The measurement result of temperature increase due to short circuit current revealed that, in case that protection circuit module (PCM) was normally working, there was little of temperature increase due to over-current limitation. However, in case that PCM was out of order, the temperature of a Li-polymer battery increased up to an average of $115.7^{\circ}C$ and the temperature of a Li-ion battery increased up to an average of $80.5^{\circ}C$, which showed the higher risks of fire and burn.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.407-410
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• 2015

Background: Acute kidney injury is an important issue in chemotherapy receiving patients an neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin has been proposed as a novel marker. We here aimed to assess the role of urinary levels for assessment after platin exposure. Materials and Methods: Patients who had treated with cisplatin or carboplatin or oxaliplatin containg regimens were included in this study. Baseline and postchemotherapy serum urea, creatinine, urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and urine creatinine levels were determined. To avoid the effects of hydration during chemotherapy infusion the urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/urine creatinine ratio was used to determine acute kidney injury. Results: Of a total of 42 patients receiving platin compounds,14 (33.3%) received cisplatin containing regimens, 14 (33.3%) received carboplatin and 14 (33.3%) oxaliplatin. The median age was 60 (37-76) years. Nineteen of the patients (45.2%) had lung cancer, 12 (28.6%) colorectal cancer and 11 (26.2%) others. The median pre and post chemotherapy urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/urine creatinin ratio was 15.6 ng/mg and 35.8 ng/mg (p=0.041) in the cisplatin group, 32.5 ng/mg and 86.3 ng/mg (p=0.004) in the carboplatin group and 40.9 ng/mg and 62.3 ng/mg (p=0.243) in the oxaliplatin group. Conclusions: Nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect of chemotherapeutic agentslike cisplatin and carbopaltin, but only to a lower extent oxaliplatin. All platin compounds must be used carefully and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin measurement seems to be promising in detecting acute kidney injury earlier than with creatinine.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.369-375
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• 2011

Objectives: Exposure to hazardous chemicals during pregnancy may result incritical reproductive health outcomes. Indoor residential levels are significant component of personal exposure. The collection of residential exposure data has been hampered by the cost and participant burden of health studies of indoor air pollution. This study utilized a participant-based approach to collect volatile organic compounds concentration from homes. Methods: Four hundred thirteen women were recruited from three major hospitals in Seoul and Gyeongi Provence and 411 agreed to participate. A passive sampler (OVM 3500, 3M, USA) with instructions were given to the participants, as well as a questionnaire. They were asked to deploy the sampler in their homes for three to five days and return them viapre-stamped envelope. Results: Three hundred forty six participants returned the sampler. Among the returned samplers, three hundred samplers satisfied our monitoring quality criteria. The success rate of the monitoring method was 73%. The geometric mean of TVOC level was 429(2) ${\mu}g/m^3$. The TVOC guideline of 500 ${\mu}g/m^3$ was exceeded in 38% of the houses. The residential VOC levels were significantly associated with remodeling of the house. Conclusions: The results suggested that a participant-based sampling approach may be a feasible and costeffective alternative to exposure assessment involving home visits by a field technician.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a Korean version of the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) developed for assessment of pain in critically ill nonverbal patients. Methods: Data were collected from a convenience sample of 30 critically ill patients admitted to a medical ICU in a hospital. The CPOT was tested at before, during and 20 minutes after changing a position and suction. Upon establishment of content and translation equivalence between the English and Korean version of CPOT. Results: The interrater reliability was found to be acceptable with the kappa coefficients of .76-1. The construct validity of the pain scores were increased from 0.43 to 2.5 in changing a position (t=-8.60, p<.001)and 0.1 to 3.23 (t=-9.36, p<.001) in suctioning. The pain scores were decreased from 6.06 to 4.01 in changing a position (t=-10.19, p<.001) and 6.45 to 4.13 (t=-10.39, p<.001) in suctioning. The concurrent validity the correlations between pain scores and physiological indicators, and a increased in Heart rate before and after changing a position (r=.65, p<.001). Conclusion: The CPOT can be used as a reliable and valid measure to assess pain in critically ill nonverbal a medical ICU patients.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.3B
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• pp.285-291
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• 2011

Accurate assessment of the water and energy cycles is essential to understand hydrologic, climatologic, and ecological processes. Common Land Model (CLM) is one of the well-developed Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models based on the water and energy balance equation for accurate prediction of hydro-environmental cycles. The CLM can estimate realistic and reliable results using relatively simple parameters. It has been widely used in the world, however in Korea practical applications of the CLM are rare due to lack of information and input data. In this study, the CLM with Korea Flux network (KoFlux) and Kore Land Data Assimilation System (KLDAS) data were individually validated for domestic applications. This study showed that all comparisons between observations and model results from KoFlux and KLDAS had reasonable correlation with determination coefficient of 0.73~1.00 via regression. The results confirmed the applicability of the CLM and the possibility of the KLDAS usage for the region where input data are not existed.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.143-148
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• 2016

Objective: This study aimed to quantify one of the useful upper extremity movements to evaluate motor control abilities between the groups of people with mild and moderate arm impairments performing a door handling task. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-one healthy participants and twenty-one persons with chronic stroke (9 mild stroke and 12 moderate stroke) were recruited for this study. Stroke participants were divided into 2 groups based on Fugle-Meyer Assessment scores of 58-65 (mild arm) and 38-57 (moderate arm). All they performed door handling task including the pronation and supination phases 3 times. We measured some movement factors which were reaction time, movement time, hand of peak velocity, hand of movement units to perform door handling task using the three-dimensional motion analysis. Results: The majority of kinematic variables showed significant differences among study groups (p<0.05). The reaction time, total and phase of movement time, hand of peak velocity, the number of movement units discriminated between healthy participants and persons with moderate upper limb stroke (p<0.05). In addition, reaction time, total and phase of movement time, the number of movement units discriminated between those with moderate and mild upper limbs of stroke patients (p<0.05). Conclusions: Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis in this study was a useful tool for assessing the upper extremity function in different subgroups of people with stroke during the door handling task. These kinematic variables may help clinicians understand the arm movements in door handling task and consist of discriminative therapeutic interventions for stroke patients on upper extremity rehabilitation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.405-420
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• 2006

This study was conducted to understand the change of spatial environmental factors including populations, air pollution source and land-use in Busan, during the period of 1995 and 2004. Firstly, the grids (5 km $\times$ 5 km) were divided using the TM coordinates of Busan and the statistical data of populations and land-use were marked on each grid during studying period. Secondly, the SO$_2$, NO$_2$ and O$_3$ concentrations of areas where air quality monitoring station was not established were estimated on the basis of these air pollutants measured at close air quality monitoring station by kriging method. In order to understand spatial change of air pollution and to investigate duplication and reduction of existing stations, semivariogram, correlation and cluster analysis were carried out. This study showed that the population increased in 2004 only on 8 grids compared to in 1995. The spatial change of SO$_2$, NO$_2$ and O$_3$ was investigated by semivariogram in Busan area. As the results of semivariogram, the spatial change of 502 become smaller and simpler, while that of NO2,03 become larger and more complex in 2004 than in 1995, According to the result of correlation and cluster analysis, the reduction of measurement item or the relocation of air quality monitoring station can be needed in the high dense grid area.