• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.110-128
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• 2021

Purpose - The essential purpose of this study is to analyze the possibility of substitution of an individual job resulting from technological development represented by the 4th Industrial Resolution, considering the different effects of digital transformation on the labor market. Design/methodology - In order to estimate the substitution probability, this study used two data sets which the job characteristics data for individual occupations provided by KEIS and the information on occupational status of substitution provided by Frey and Osborne(2013). In total, 665 occupations were considered in this study. Of these, 80 occupations had data with labels of substitution status. The primary goal of estimation was to predict the degree of substitution for 607 of 665 occupations (excluding 58 with markers). It utilized three methods a principal component analysis, an unsupervised learning methodology of machine learning, and Ridge and Lasso from supervised learning methodology. After extracting significant variables based on the three methods, this study carried out logistics regression to estimate the probability of substitution for each occupation. Findings - The probability of substitution for other occupational groups did not significantly vary across individual models, and the rank order of the probabilities across occupational groups were similar across models. The mean of three methods of substitution probability was analyzed to be 45.3%. The highest value was obtained using the PCA method, and the lowest value was derived from the LASSO method. The average substitution probability of the trading industry was 45.1%, very similar to the overall average. Originality/value - This study has a significance in that it estimates the job substitution probability using various machine learning methods. The results of substitution probability estimation were compared by industry sector. In addition, This study attempts to compare between trade business and industry sector.

• Obstetrics & gynecology science
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.655-661
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• 2018

Objective There is concern regarding the safety of delayed cord clamping (DCC) in babies born at less than 34 weeks' gestation. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to compare the rates of hyperbilirubinemia and polycythemia during initial 7 days in infants born at less than 34 weeks' gestation and randomized to receive DCC by 120 seconds or early cord clamping (ECC) within less than 30 seconds. Methods One hundred pregnant women were randomly subjected to DCC or ECC at the time of birth in a tertiary referral hospital setting. Blood samples were obtained from each newborn at 48 hours and 7 days for hematocrit measurement. Serum bilirubin levels were estimated once the infant had clinically significant jaundice or at 72 hours. For the statistical analysis, the ${\chi}^2$ test, Student's t-test, or Wilcoxon rank sum test was used. Results The hematocrit was significantly higher in the DCC group than in the ECC group (P<0.001). None of the babies had polycythemia. Mean total serum bilirubin level was 6.6 mg/dL in the DCC group and 8.7 mg/dL in the ECC group (P<0.001). There was no increased risk of hyperbilirubinemia in the DCC group. Conclusion DCC benefits preterm neonates with no significant adverse effects.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.36-43
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• 1999

연구배경: bcl-2는 apoptosis를 억제하여 세포 수명을 연장시켜 종양세포의 생존기간 중 다른 암유전자의 추가척인 영향을 받을 수 있는 기회를 증가시켜 암을 유발하는 암유전자이다. 이러한 bcl-2는 apoptosis 억제에도 불구하고, 임상적으로 bcl-2 양성인 경우에 그 기전은 아직 확실치 않으나 오히려 예후가 양호하다는 보고가 있다. 이에 저자들은 비소세포 폐암에서 bcl-2의 발현률을 계측하고, 세포분열주기와 비교한 후 생존률과의 관계를 검색하였다. 방 법: 원발성 비소세포 폐암으로 확진받고, 외과적 절제술후 paraffin에 보관된 57례의 병리조직에서 면역조직화학 염색법으로 bcl-2의 발현을 확인하고, bcl-2와 병리조직형, TNM 병기, 유식세포분석법에 의한 세포주기비율(S-and $G_1$-phase fraction) 그리고 생존기간과의 관계를 분석하였다. 결 과: 57례 중 남녀비는 43:14 였고, 조직학적 분류는 편평상피암 34례, 선암 19례, 대세포암 4례였으며, TNM I 병기 14례, II 병기 21례, III 병기 22례였다. bcl-2는 43.8% (25/57)에서 발현되었으며 면평상피암 47%(16/34), 선암 32%(6/19)였으나, 유의한 차이는 없었고, TNM I 병기 28.6%(4/14), II 병기 52.3% (11/21), III 병기 45.5%(10/22)로서 역시 유의한 차이는 없었다. bcl-2 발현군과 비발현군에서의 $G_1$-주기비율은 75.5($\pm10.8$)%, 65.5($\pm11.4$)% 로서 유의한 차이가 있었으며 (p<0.05), S-주기비율은 14.1($\pm7.8$)%, 24.7($\pm10.5$)%로서 역시 유의하게 bcl-2 발현군의 세포분열능이 저하되어 있었다 (p<0.005). bcl-2 발현군과 비발현군에서의 2년 생존률은 65%, 71%, 3년 생존률은 54%, 52%, 5년 생존률은 41%, 46% 그리고 중간 생존기간은 53개월, 37개월이었으나 통계적 유의성에 이르지는 못하였다. (p>0.05, Kaplan-Meier, log rank) 결 론: 비소세포 폐암에서 bcl-2는 43.8%에서 발현되었으며, 병리조직형, TNM 병기에 따른 발현률의 차이는 없었다. bcl-2 발현군은 비발현군에 비하여 S-주기비율은 유의하게 감소하고, $G_1$-주기비율은 유의하게 증가되었다. bcl-2 발현군의 중간 생존기간은 53개월로서 비발현군의 37개월보다 연장되었으나 통계적 유의성에 이르지는 못하였다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2016

남해도 남측 해역의 연성기질 조하대 대형저서동물 군집구조 파악을 위해 2012년 7월부터 2013년 4월까지의 4계절 동안 정점당 2회씩의 grab(표면적 $0.1m^2$) 채집이 수행되었다. 조사결과 총 247종의 대형저서동물이 출현하였으며, 평균 밀도는 1,027개체/$m^2$, 평균 생체량은 $148.7g/m^2$이었다. 다모류가 출현종수 및 서식밀도에서 우점한 분류군이었으며, 각각 37%를 점유하였다. 반면 생체량 우점 분류군은 극피동물로서 전체 생물량의 44%를 점유하였다. 출현종수는 봄철에 가장 적었으며 겨울철에 가장 많았다. 서식밀도는 가을철이 가장 낮았으나 봄철에 가장 높았다. 육지에 인접한 정점들에서 상대적으로 높은 밀도를 보였으며 외해역으로 나가면서 밀도가 감소하는 양상을 보였다. 최우점종은 소형 옆새우류인 Eriopisella sechellensis였으며, 봄철에 네 번째 우점종으로 출현한 것을 제외하고 가장 밀도가 높았다. 이 종은 주로 남해도 앞 외해역에 높은 밀도로 출현하였으나 광양만 입구역이나 사량만 입구역에서는 출현하지 않았다. 이들 내만 해역의 입구에서는 이매패류인 Theora fragilis와 다모류인 Lumbrineris longifolia가 높은 밀도로 출현하여 우점종의 차이를 보였다. 반면에 시프린스호 유류사고 이후 광양만 입구부터 외측까지 높은 밀도로 출현한 Tharyx sp.는 이번 조사에서는 4계절 중 어느 계절에서도 해당 정점 주변에서 출현하지 않았다. Bio-Env 분석결과 저서동물의 분포에 영향을 미치는 환경요소는 퇴적물의 분급과 저층수온의 조합이었으며, 집괴분석 결과 내만해역, 외해역, 중간해역 등의 5개 정점군으로 구분되었다. SIMPER 분석 결과 각 정점군에는 유기오염 지표종인 T. fragilis가 공통적으로 기여하였으며, Magelona japonica, E. sechellensis, L. longifolia, Paraprionospio cordifolia 등의 기여도가 높게 나타났다. 저서오염지수(BPI) 값에 의한 저서군집 건강도 평가 결과 광양만 입구 및 사량만 인접 정점에서는 약간오염 상태였으나 남해도 외해역의 정점에서는 정상상태였다. 따라서 남해도 남측 해역은 유기물 오염영향을 다소 받는 연안역과 상대적으로 양호한 외해역으로 구분되며 지속적인 저서생태계 감시가 요구된다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2018

연구목적 클로자핀은 조현병 치료에 널리 처방되는 항정신병약물로, 대사성 부작용 등으로 인한 심뇌혈관질환의 위험을 증가시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, 클로자핀이 심뇌혈관질환의 발생에 중요한 영향을 미치는 또 다른 요소인 혈소판 활성 정도에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해서는 알려진 바가 거의 없다. 본 연구에서는 클로자핀 투여 전후 평균혈소판요소 (mean platelet component, MPC) 값 비교를 통하여 조현병 환자에서 클로자핀이 혈소판 활성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 2003년 9월 1일부터 2007년 4월 30일까지의 기간 동안 건양대학교 병원 정신건강의학과에서 클로자핀을 새롭게 투여 받기 시작한 환자들을 대상으로 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토 하였다. 최종 통계 분석에는 14명이 포함되었다. 평균혈소판요소는 Bayer ADVIA $120^{(R)}$ system를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결 과 14명의 연구 대상자 중, 남성은 4명(28.60%), 여성은 10명(71.40%)이었으며, 평균 나이는 $37.50{\pm}11.64$세였다. 유병 기간은 평균 $91.00{\pm}93.96$개월 이었으며 피험자들이 마지막 혈액 검사를 한 시점에 복용하였던 클로자핀 용량의 평균은 $337.50{\pm}109.52mg$이었다. 클로자핀 투여 전과 투여 후의 평균혈소판요소 값은 각각 $26.12{\pm}2.22g/dL$과 $25.14{\pm}2.08g/dL$ 이었다. 윌콕슨 부호-순위 검정에서 클로자핀 투여 후 MPC 값이 유의미하게 감소하였다(V=16, p=0.024). 결 론 본 연구의 결과는 클로자핀 투여가 혈소판을 활성화하며, 이로 인해 혈전색전성 질환 등의 발생에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 또한 클로자핀 투여 시 혈소판 활성에 대한 평가를 포함하여 뇌혈관질환의 위험성에 대한 주의 깊은 모니터링이 필요함을 시사한다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.239-245
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of cervical Hyeopcheok(Jiaji) point for neck pain. Methods : The twenty-nine patients who feel neck pain, are chosen from chart review, received acupuncture treatment on cervical Hyeopcheok(Jiaji) point. The evaulation of progress was checked by NDI(neck disability index), and VAS(visual analog scale). Data were analyzed by Friedman two way analysis of variance and Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test. Results : NDI value(mean${\pm}$SD) was $17.76{\pm}8.26$(n=29) at the first visit, $13.41{\pm}8.04$(n=29) at 3days after treatment, $10.85{\pm}8.46$(n=26) at 5days, $11.00{\pm}7.80$(n=13) at 9days, $7.22{\pm}4.76$(n=9) at 15days, $3.86{\pm}4.06$(n=7) at 20days, and $3.33{\pm}3.78$(n=6) at 30days. VAS value(mean${\pm}$SD) was $4.07{\pm}1.33$(n=29) at the first visit, $12.97{\pm}1.05$(n=29) at 3days after treatment, $2.15{\pm}1.12$(n=26) at 5days, $2.15{\pm}0.99$(n=13) at 9days, $1.56{\pm}0.73$(n=9) at 15days, $1.29{\pm}0.49$(n=7) at 20days, and $0.83{\pm}0.41$(n=6) at 30days. The value of NDI and VAS gradually decreased. Repeated measurement results(the difference between the first visit and each measurement day) and the difference between before and after the interval(except between 5 and 9days, between 20 and 25days) were statistically significant. Conclusions : This result was shown that treatment of cervical Hyeopcheok(Jiaji) acupuncture point for neck pain can be effective. Further systematic research will be needed.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2017

Purpose: The association of hypoalbuminemia with 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with organophosphate insecticide poisoning (OPI) was studied. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2006 and November 2013 in the emergency department (ED) after OPI poisoning. A Kaplan-Meier 30-day survival curve and the log-rank test were used to analyze patients stratified according to serum albumin levels on ED admission (hypoalbuminemia or normo-albuminemia). Independent risk factors including hypoalbuminemia for 30-day mortality were determined by multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 135 patients were included. Eighty-eight (65%) patients were male and the mean age was $57.3{\pm}17.0$ years. Serum albumin, mean arterial pressure, and Glasgow coma scale score were significantly higher in the survival group than the non-survival group. APACHE II score was significantly lower in the non-survival group than the survival group. The mortality of the hypoalbuminemia group (serum albumin <3.5 g/dl) was 68.8%, while that of the normo-albuminemia group (serum albumin ${\geq}3.5g/dl$) was 15.1%. The area under the ROC curve of the serum albumin level was 0.786 (95% CI, 0.690-0.881) and the APACHE II score was 0.840 (95% CI, 0.770-0.910). Conclusion: Hypoalbuminemia is associated with 30-day mortality in patients with OPI poisoning.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.51-65
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to make a comparative analysis of nursing students interest in health matters concerning themselves and compare it to non-nursing students. The results were to be categorized and used as health content recommendation when organizing health curriculum and planning health education programmes. The instruments used this study were 'The Health Inventory and The Health Need Inventory introduced to 80 items from 125 items by Lee in Korea(1980). There was a very high correlation between the 125 items and condensed 80 items (r=0.9508, t=11.0643. p<.001). The convenience sample was chosen from 226 nursing students and 204 non-nursing students in the departments of humanities of college in Inchun and Ansan from March 4 to April 5. 1996. Data were analyzed by the SAS computer Program. The results are as follow: When comparing health interest of nursing student group with non-nursing student group, total group mean of nursing students was significantly higher than that of non-nursing students (t=2.977 p<.01). But the rank order of the nursing student group was similar to that of the non-nursing group. and what nursing student felt interested was coincident with what non-nursing students felt as being necessary. The most interested health area between nursing student and non-nursing students were ${\ulcorner$personal hygiene & grooming${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$weight control${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner$sex education${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$mental health${\lrcorner}$. On the other hand the least interested health areas were. ${\ulcorner$smoking and health${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$alcohol and health${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner$drug and narcotics${\lrcorner}$ In non -nursing students but in nursing students ${\ulcorner$structure and function of body${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner$dental health${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$safety${\lrcorner}$. Comparing students health interest by major In college, total group mean of nursing students is significantly higher than that of non-nursing students in 14 health areas including ${\ulcorner$community health${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner$control and prevention disease${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$consumer health${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$family health${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$mental health${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$personal hygiene and grooming${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$safety${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$structure and function of body${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner$sex education${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$alcohol and health ${\lrcorner}$ ${\ulcorner$ drug and narcotics${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner$smoking and health${\lrcorner}$ The following recommendations could be made considering the above mentioned factors: 1. The priority of health content should reflect the items to the highest interest area of students and highest need area of adults. 2. The health items which were significantly different in the area of health interest, by major, should be used in planning health education programmes and organizing health curricula.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.72-83
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• 2016

Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the long-term success of horizontal alveolar crest augmentation of the retromolar region of the mandible with particulated bone, as well as factors affecting subsequent peri-implant bone loss. Methods: A total of 109 patients (68 female, 41 male) suffering from alveolar ridge deficiencies of the maxilla and mandible were included in this study. All patients were treated with particulated retromolar bone grafts from the mandible prior to the insertion of endosseous dental implants. Mesial and distal peri-implant crestal bone changes were assessed at six time points. Several parameters, including implant survival and the influence of age, gender, localisation of the implant, diameter, covering procedures, and time points of implant placement, were analysed to identify associations with bone level changes using the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient. Results: A total of 164 dental implants were placed in the maxilla (n=97) and in the mandible (n=67). The mean observation period was $105.26{\pm}21.58$ months after implantation. The overall survival rate was 97.6% after 10 years. Overall, peri-implant bone loss was highest during the first year, but decreased over time. The mean amount of bone loss after 10 years was 2.47 mm mesially and 2.50 mm distally. Bone loss was significantly influenced by implant type and primary stability. Conclusions: The use of particulated autologous retromolar bone grafts is a reliable technique for the horizontal reconstruction of local alveolar ridge deficiencies. Our results demonstrate that implants placed in augmented bone demonstrated similar bone level changes compared to implants inserted in non-augmented regions.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.280-293
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• 2004

Statement of problem. Glass fiber post is one of recent developments to accommodate esthetic restoration for endodontically treated teeth. This has many advantages over conventional post system in physical properties, esthetic factor, risk of root and restoration fracture, adhesion to core, radiopacity, removal and retrievabilty, biocompatibility and chemical stability. Purpose. This in vitro study was to evaluate the most suitable type of resin core for the glass fiber post through surveying the fracture modes and the maximum load that fractures the tooth. Material and methods. 50 sound maxillary premolars restored with glass fiber posts($ParaPost^{(R)}$ Fiber White) and different types of resin cores(ParaCore, $Z100^{TM}$, $Rebilda^{(R)}$ and $Admira^{(R)}$) were prepared and loaded to faiure in a universal test machine. The maximum fracture load and fracture mode were investigated in the specimens that were restored with resin and those of metal cast and core. With the data, Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to validate the significance between the test groups, and Tukey' s studentized range test was used to check if there is any significant statistical difference between each test group. Every analysis was approved with 95% reliance. Results. On measuring the maximum fracture load of teeth specimens, there was a significant difference between the maximum fracture loads of the tooth specimens. ParaCore showed the highest mean maximum fracture load followed by $Z100^{TM}$. And, the distribution of fracture mode of tooth specimens showed generally Type D, the three parted fracture of the core around the post was mostly seen(62.5%), and specifically, ParaCore showed 90% and $Z100^{TM}$ showed 100% Type D fracture. Conclusion. Referring to the values of maximum fracture load and mean compressive fracture load, ParaCore and $Z100^{TM}$ had high values and are recommended as tooth colored resin core material for glass fiber post. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS. This study was carried out intending to be of aid in selecting the appropriate resin core for the glass fiber post. The dual cure type composite resin ParaCore and light cure type composite resin $Z100^{TM}$ have good properties and are recommended as tooth colored resin core material for glass fiber post.