• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.347-360
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• 1998

Numerical simulations for fluid flow and solute transport in a fracture rock masses are performed by using a transient flow model, which is based on the three-dimensional stochastic and discrete fracture network model (DFN model) and is coupled hydraulic model with mechanical model. In the numerical simulations of the solute transport, we used to the particle following algorithm which is similar to an advective biased random walk. The purpose of this study is to predict the response of the tracer test between two deep bore holes (GPK1 and GPK2) implanted at Soultz sous Foret in France, in the context of the geothermal researches.l The data sets used are obtained from in situcirculating experiments during 1995. As the result of the transport simulation, the mean transit time for the non reactive particles is about 5 days between two bore holes.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.536-546
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• 2001

The purposes of this descriptive study were to identify the prevalence rate of urinary incontinence(UI) and the differences in frequency of incontinent and normal women by general characteristics, obstetrical history, and the conditional events for urinary incontinence of the elderly women in a community. By the results of this study, it is intended to provide nursing practice guidelines for incontinent women. The research design of this study was a preliminary descriptive study. The 173 subjects were 55 years old and over, and resided in a small city area. Data were collected from June 20 to July 20, 2001, by an interview or a self-report with questionaire. The questionaire was composed of items of general characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, and conditions of UI by the modified Henderickon's Stress Incontinence Scale(1981). The results were summariezed as follows: 1. The UI prevalence rate of the sample was 64.2%. Of the incontinent women, 31.5% had experienced UI for a period of three to five years, and 84.7% had never treated or managed their UI. Frequency of UI was once or twice times per month(46.8%). 2. The total mean of UI on the scale in the incontinent women was 25.50 of 85, ranging from 18 to 41. 3. The most frequent condition of UI was coughing, followed by laughing, sneezing, heavy exercise, and preparation of urination in descending order. 4. There were significant differences in age, education, social activity, and urinary difficulty between the incontinent women and the normal women. 5. There were significant differences in frequency of spontaneous abortion, age of menopause between the incontinent women and the normal women. 6. There were no significant differences in number of delivery, frequency of artificial abortion, age of the last delivery, and postal health management between the incontinent women and the normal women. In conclusion, the incidence of UI in this study was high, but there were no effective treatments or management. It is suggested to provide the adult women with knowledge about UI, and to educate preventive behavior and control skill of urinary incontinence. Also episodes of urinary incontinence were high in the situation of sudden increase of abdominal pressure. This data can be used for the prevention strategy of urinary incontinence, In future research it is recommended to identify comprehensive factors related to urinary incontinence including psychosocial factors, and effective strategies of urinary incontinence.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 1983

The Intermittent phenomena of the turbulent momentrm transports were closely examined in order to know the nature of intermittency and its fluid dynamic implications in the oceanic turbulent boundary layer. Also the connection between the observed intermittency and the bursting phenomenon was studied in detail. In this investigation, strong intermittency of turbulent momentum transports were found and the peak values of Reynolds stress (i,e., u'w') was about 408 times greater than average Reynolds stress (u',w') in the mid-layer and 270 times greater in the uppcrlayer of the turbulent boundary layer. These values are far greater than presently known maximum value, namely 30 times greater than the average Reynolds stress reported by Gordon (1974) and Heathersaw (1974). The distribution of Reynolds stress were extremely non-normal with the mean peak occurrence period of 5 minutes in the mid-layer and 1. 1 minutes in the upper layer of the turbulent boundary layer. Each teak lasted about 2 seconds in the mid-layer and 1.1 seconds in the upper layer of the turbulent boundary layer. Our dimensionless period of peak occurrence are found to be 33.3 in the mid-layer and 7.3 in the upper-layer, which are substantially larger than the often quoted values of 3.2-6.8 for the bursting period (Jackson, 1976). Some workers have interpreted that the intermittency phenomenon is the retlect of burst across their probe of the currentmeter (Gordon, 1974; Heathersaw, 1974). However, it was known that the burst can be found very near bottom boundary with smoothed bottom (i,e., friction Reynolds number$\leq$3,000) in the laboratory experiments. Through this investigation, it was found that the intermittent strength of the turbulent momentum transports does not conclusively indicate the characteristic feature of the boundary layer turbulence with a rough bottom (i,e., friction Reynolds number$\geq$10$\^$5/).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2003

Purpose: We evaluated radioisotope and sex-specific differences of normal limits for left ventricle volumes (LWs) and ejection fraction (EF) using myocardial perfusion gated SPECT (g-SPECT). Materials and Methods: Rest Tl-201/post-stress Tc-99m MIBI g-SPECT measurements with acquisitions of 8-frame were evaluated for 70 patients (mean age $55{\pm}14.56%$ female) who either had < 10% pretest likelihood of CAD (n = 12) or had normal coronary angiography (EF > 50%) (n = 58). LVEF, LWs were automatically determined by quantitative gated SPECT using QGS program. Results: Similar results were obtained for mean LVEF between Tc-99m MIBI ($62%{\pm}7%$ and Tl-201 ($63%{\pm}8%$) g-SPECT measurements. In Contrast, Tl-201 g-SPECT had significantly lower LWs values ($EDV;\;74{\pm}23mL,\;ESV;\;28{\pm}14mL$) than Tc-99m MIBI g-SPECT ($EDV;\;82{\pm}25mL,\;ESV;\;32{\pm}15mL$) (p<0.05). Women had significantly lower EDV ($Tc-99m\;MIBI;\;71{\pm}18mL,\;Tl-201;\;65{\pm}17mL$), and ESV values ($Tc-99m\;MIBI;\;27{\pm}10mL,\;Tl-201;\;23{\pm}8mL$) compared with EDV ($Tc-99m\;MIBI;\;96{\pm}27mL,\;Tl-201;\;85{\pm}24mL$), and ESV Values ($Tc-99m\;MIBI;\;40{\pm}17mL,\;Tl-201;\;36{\pm}16mL$) of men (p<0.05). Women had significantly higher LV EF Values ($65%{\pm}7%$) than men ($60%{\pm}8%$) by Tl-201 gated SPECT (p<0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest significant differeuces in normal limits for LWs and EF, according to genders and radiopharmaceutical. Therefore, the evaluation of cardiac function in patients should consider radioisotope and sex-matched normal values.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.351-363
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• 2009

Two orthogonal joint sets develop well only in sandstone beds in the sandstone-mudstone sequences of Gumi and Dasa outcrops within Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin. And various joint data are similar in the beds of the same thickness in both outcrops, meaning that the joint sets were homogeneously produced by extensional deformation in the same regional stress field. Most of joints in the sandstone beds are orthogonal to, and confined by bed boundaries, which are believed to be formed by hydrofracturing during consolidation after burial. Two orthogonal joint sets are considered to be almost coeval on the basis of mutual abutting relationship which makes up fracture grid-lock and a product of rapid switching of ${\sigma}_2$ and ${\sigma}_3$ axes with constant ${\sigma}_1$ direction oriented to vertical. The joint sets in the sandstone beds show planar surfaces, parallel orientations and regular spacing, with joint spacing linearly proportional to bed thickness. The spacing distributions of the joints seem to correspond to log-normal to almost normal distribution in most of the beds. But multilayer joints do not display regular spacing and dominant size. Either joint set in this study is characterized by a high level of joint density and a saturated spacing distribution as indicated by the mode/mean ratio values and the Cv(coefficient of variance) values. Joint aperture tends to increase with the vertical length of the joints controlled by bed thickness.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.55-78
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• 1994

Decomposed granite soil is a Granitic Gneiss, and it is a c Korean peninsula. It is known a changed significantly when it is aim of this study is to evaluat utility of the constitutive laws. Firstly, triaxial tests were pe sites prepared by the laborato scrutinized the characteristics results were analysed and the p evaluated. Finally, the predicted Even though the origins of slight difference in the angle of pression line( A) : both soils show In the effective mean normal uniqueness of the Normal Compr The relationships between the the decomposed granite soil tier OCR is larger than 2, the stress stress(MDS) or. even thous moved below the theoretical Ros was found to coincide with the (NC) soils, the pore pressure parameter, A,, increased up to 1.3. This phenomenon might be mainly due to the effect of the particle crushing during shearing, When the OCR value approaches 7, the negative pore pressure is developed in undrained tests and the dilatancy is observed in drained tests. The predicted and the observed behavior of drained tests showed relatively good fitting with the Cam-Clay model.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.311-327
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• 2009

This study was performed to determine the health and nutritional risk factors associated with hypertension in Koreans over the age of 50 in a high-income class (more than twice as much family income as the 2005 Korean minimum cost of living, 668,540 Won). A total of 505 subjects aged over 50 from the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were divided into two groups: A hypertension group (HG) (N=151, Systolic Blood Pressure ${\geq}$140 mmHg or Diastolic Blood Pressure ${\geq}$90 mmHg) and normal group (NG) (N=354). Subjects who took hypertension medicines or underwent diet therapy were excluded. In HG, mean daily alcohol intake and the amount of alcohol consumption per one occasion were significantly higher than in NG, respectively. A greater number of hypertension subjects answered that they drank alcohol to reduce stress as compared to normal subjects. HG also took fewer dietary supplements than NG. Mean body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, fasting blood sugar level, and 2 hour postprandial blood sugar following a glucose load were significantly higher in HG than in NG, respectively. Also, iron, thiamin, and niacin intakes and the consumption frequency of seaweeds were significantly lower in HG than in NG, respectively. Finally, obesity (BMI ${\geq}$25 $kg/m^2$), abdominal obesity (waist circumference ${\geq}$90 cm for males, ${\geq}$ 80 cm for females), high blood sugar level 2 hours after an oral glucose load (${\geq}$140~200 mg/dl), and hypertriglyceridemia (serum TG ${\geq}$200 mg/dl) were related to a significantly higher risk of hypertension in the subjects (odds ratio: 1.884~3.040). In conclusion, dietary factors such as higher alcohol consumption; lower intakes of iron, thiamin, and niacin; lower consumption frequency of seaweeds; and metabolic syndrome were associated with hypertension in the study subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 1999

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical results of bone-patellar tendon-bone(B-PTB) allograft for ACL reconstruction without mechanical tensioning device. Material and Method : Forty-six knees in 43 patients were reviewed and evaluated with subjective evaluation, objective evaluation, Telos stress arthrometer and modified Feagin Scoring System. The average age at the time of operation was 27 years(range, 18-42) and the average follow up period was 41 months(range, 22-79). Authors reconstructed ACL using B-PTB allograft which was prepared by rehydration preoperatively without tensioning by mechanical tensioning device. The tension for allograft was obtained by full flexion and extension intraoperatively. All operation were performed arthroscopically by two-tunnel method to avoid the mismatching of allograft tendon length. Result : The modified Feagin Scoring System revealed 39 cases(84.7%) with excellent or good results and 7 cases(15.3%) with fair or poor results. The mean follow-up Lysholm Knee Score was 84. Telos arthrometer revealed 41 cases had an injured-to-uninjured difference of 5 mm or less(mean 2.3mm). The range of motion of knee was nearly normal and there was no extension lag in any cases at last follow up. Conclusion : Clinical results using B-PTB allograft showed less morbidity than B-PTB autograft. The intraoperative tensioning method by full flexion and extension without mechanical tensioning device was not bad. Therefore, B-PTB allograft is a good substitute material in reconstruction of the ACL.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

The Low Birth Weight infant birth rate in this country is a little more than 15 percent and is being increased. The survival rate of Low Birth Weight infant is over 90 percent and recently the rate runs is getting. However, because of the high risk of Low Birth Weight infant for handicap in growth, a preventive nursing intervention program for Low Birth Weight infant and their mother is considered to be necessary. Touch and massage, thus sensory stimulation has been considered to be important ensuring a normal growth of Low Birth Weight infant During the past decades sensory stimulation program has been used for premature and Low Birth Weight infants. Recently a study on the sensory stimulation for Low Birth Weight infants has bee n done in this country. Mother and infant relationship has a great influence on child's development. Especially, mother and infant interaction during one year after birth plays important role in child's social. affective and cognitive developments. But in the study of Low Birth Weight infants, the mother and infant interaction has been rare yet. However, there was no study effectiveness of the sensory stimulation on mother and infant interaction. In this respect, this study based on the importance of the nursing intervention, is intended to measure the effectiveness of the massage therapy in the aspects of weight, daily feeding amount, cortisolurine stress hormone and mother and infant interactions. This study has been conducted on the nonequivalent control group pretestposttest design in quasi experimental basis and Low Birth Weight infants from NICU of two Medical University Hospitals located in Taegu Metropolitan were selected in experimental group of 21 infants and control group of 20 infants. Data has been collected from May 1, 1999 to September 5, 2000. For the experimental group Field's sensory stimulation(tactile and kinesthetic stimulation) was applied 2 times a day for 10 days(10:00 - 11:00 hours in the morning and 19:00 - 20:00 in the afternoon) by nurse and mother. The electronic indicator scale (Cas Co. Korea) was used to measure infant's body weight. To determine urine cortisol concentration level under stress, rad immuno assay method was used. And to determine mother and infant interactions during feeding, tools developed by Kim Mi-Ye (1999) were used. Collected data were analyzed with SAS program using x-test, t-test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Findings were as follows : 1. For the daily mean weight gain, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, even though, there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 2. For the amount of daily mean feeding, the experimental group showed little higher than the control group, while there was no Statistically significant differences between two groups. 3. The level of wine cortisol concentration was increased in both groups, while no Statistical significance was shown between the two groups. 4. Mothers in experimental group were more likely to have higher mean scores in mother and infant interaction during feeding than mothers in the control group. Statistical significance was shown between the two groups(t= 5.78, P=.001). In conclusion, the massage therapy in this study showed with regard to even though through there was no statistically significance in the weight gain and urine stress hormone concentration. there was Statistical significantly higher in the mother and infant interaction during feeding. Based on the result of this study, it is considered that the massage therapy should be applied clinical practice and home to help a developmental growth and interaction of Low Birth Weight infants and mothers during the period of recovery.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2003

Introduction: This research was performed to contract the attitude of dietary restriction and the psychological problems such as depressive mood and perceived stress and to investigate the relationship of these and obesity in women who visited the obesity clinic. Methods: During May 2001, sociodemographic variables, physical characteristics, Three Factor Eating Questionnaire(TFEQ), Symptom Check List-90-R(SCL-90-R) and Perceived Stress Scale were assessed from 150 female who visited the obesity clinics which were located at downtown, Seoul and the Hospital of Ajou University, Medical College. Hamilton depression rating scale(HDRS) was estimated by author. And then 116 female cases who filled up the questionnaire faithfully were included. Results: Obese group more than Body Mass Index(BMI) $25.0kg/m^2$ was 50% of the total subjects. BMI was increased as the age goes up(p<0.001). The frequency of unmarried cases in the under normal weight group was high rate of 48.8% while it in the obese group was 13.8%(p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the rate of smoking and alcohol drinking among subjects by BMI. There was no significant difference of TFEQ among subjects by BMI and the percent of body fat. Factor 2(r=0.27, p<0.01) and Factor 3(r=0.24, p<0.01) were significantly correlated with Global Severity Index(GSI). Only the paranoia scale among each estimated mean value of T scores of SCL-90-R by BMI was the significant difference between the overweight group and the obese group(p<0.05). T scores of scales of SCL-90-R were less than 50, but T scores of the under normal weight group and the obese group were higher than overweight group. GSI was significantly correlated with HDRS(r=0.75, p<0.01) and Perceived Stress Scale(r=0.32, p<0.01). Depressive mood in the obese group was significantly higher than non-obese group that HDRS was compared to two groups by the percent of body fat(p<0.05). Perceived Stress Scale was no significant correlation with BMI and the percent of body fat. All of the subject were in trouble of high stress. Stress affected dietary restriction owing that perceived stress had a relation with Factor 2(r=0.29, p<0.01) and Factor 3(r=0.37, p<0.01). Also, it affected psychological characteristics owing that perceived stress had a relation with the depression scale, GSI and HDRS(r=0.33, r=0.32, r=0.34, p<0.01). Conclusion: Obese women have more psychological difficulties including depression and high perceived stress, which closely related with the attitude of dietary restriction. Psychiatric intervention and aggressive assessment of psychological problems will be needed to the people who visit the obesity clinic in the future.