• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2009

This study is to analyze numerically the spatial behaviors of the solute transport in a spatially correlated variable-aperture fracture under the effective normal stress conditions. Numerical results show that the solute transport in a fracture is strongly affected by the spatial correlation length of apertures and applied effective normal stress. According to increasing spatial correlation length, the mean residence time of solute is decreased and the tortuosity and Peclet number (is a dimensionless number relating the rate of advection of a flow to its rate of diffusion) is also decreased. These results mean that the geometry of the aperture distribution is favorable to the solute transport as the spatial correlation length is increased. However, according to the applied effective normal stress is increased, the mean residence time and tortuosity have a tendency to increase but the Peclet number is decreased. The main reason that the Peclet number is decreased, is that the solute is displaced by one or two channels with relatively higher local flow rate due to the increment of contact areas by increasing effective normal stress. Moreover, based on numerical results of the solute transport in this study, the exponential-type correlation formulae between the mean residence time and the effective normal stress are proposed.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.430-438
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• 2013

Increased oxidative stress in obese diabetes may have causal effects on diabetic complications, including dyslipidemia. Lipopolysccharides (LPS) along with an atherogenic diet have been found to increase oxidative stress and insulin resistance. Cranberry has been recognized as having beneficial effects on diseases related to oxidative stress. Therefore, we employed obese diabetic animals treated with an atherogenic diet and LPS, with the aim of examining the effects of cranberry powder (CP) on diabetic related metabolic conditions, including lipid profiles, serum insulin and glucose, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Forty C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice were divided into the following five groups: normal diet + saline, atherogenic diet + saline, atherogenic diet + LPS, atherogenic diet + 5% CP + LPS, and atherogenic diet + 10% CP + LPS. Consumption of an atherogenic diet resulted in elevation of serum total cholesterol and atherogenic index (AI) and reduction of high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. However, with 10% CP, the increase in mean HDL-cholesterol level was close to that of the group with a normal diet, whereas AI was maintained at a higher level than that of the group with a normal diet. LPS induced elevated serum insulin level was lowered by greater than 60% with CP (P < 0.05), and mean serum glucose level was reduced by approximately 19% with 5% CP (P > 0.05). Mean activity of liver cytosolic glutathione peroxidase was significantly increased by LPS injection, however it was reduced back to the value without LPS when the diet was fortified with 10% CP (P < 0.05). In groups with CP, a reduction in mean levels of serum protein carbonyl tended to occur in a dose dependent manner. Particularly with 10% CP, a reduction of approximately 89% was observed (P > 0.05). Overall results suggest that fortification of the atherogenic diet with CP may have potential health benefits for obese diabetes with high oxidative stress, by modulation of physical conditions, including some biomarkers of oxidative stress.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find out the normal results in ankle on varus stress, valgus stress, and anterior draw stress in young men in korea. This would be helpful as the basic data of measuring of ankle instability for operational indication. Materials and Methods: Varus and Valgus stress anteroposterior radiographs and Anterior drawing stress lateral radiographs of 600 normal ankles were reviewed. First, A line parallel was drawn parallel to the articular surface of the distal tibia, and another line was drawn parallel to the articular surface of the talus on anteroposterior radiographs. The interior angle that subtended by these two lines was measured. Second, the reference point is located at the posterior border of the tibia, and the shortest distance from this point to the proximal posterior articular surface of the talus is measured. Results: There were 300 males and 600 ankles. The mean age overall was 21 years (19-22 years) old. The mean length of ankle on anterior draw stress was $5.54{\pm}3.33\;mm$. The mean a interior angle of ankle on varus stress was $0^{\circ}-8.93^{\circ}$, and on valgus stress $0^{\circ}-7.78^{\circ}$. Conclusion: We can consider for operational indication at over the 8.87 mm on anterior draw stress, over the $8.93^{\circ}$ on varus stress, and over the $7.78^{\circ}$ on valgus.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.504-512
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• 1990

In experiment 1, dietary self-selection of the 3 macronutrients, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were examined in male rats given 3 food cups of 80% carbohydrate, 80% protein, and 70% fat diets simultaneously. All the rats showed normal growth pattern and organ weight, which means they have ability to select just right kinds and amounts of nurients in order to support their growth and development. Mean values of caloric intake, body weight gain, serum lipid values and empty carcass compositions were not significantly differ between the upper and lower quartile groups of fat proportion of empty carcass compared to the lower quartile group(LF). Same feeding design was employed in experiment 2 where the effect of mild electric stress on food selection was studied. The rats in both control and electric stress group revealed a normal growth curve and organ weights. The rats in both control and electric stress group revealed a normal growth curve and organ weights. The stress group showed higher caloric intake and body weight gain than control group, but no significant effects of stress on serum and empty carcass components was found. Even though normal rats seemed to select macronutrients according to their physiolosical needs, there were individual differences in food selection whether they were exposed to stress or not. Therefore life long individual food selection pattern may have a great influence on nutritional status and chronic degenerative diseases of eldery, and on aging process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.17-20
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• 2000

Polymeric foams are excellent energy absorber and have found a wide range of applications especially in the automotive industry. The purpose of the present study is to develop experimental and theoretical methodology to characterize the pressure dependent yield behavior of polymeric foams. For the compression test in a triaxial stress sate a specially designed device was placed in a press machine to produce and control oil pressure. From the experiment results it was observed that the size of Mother circles is changed with mean normal stress in contrast to general metal. Then the Coulomb-Mohr criterion was applied to the data.

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 2002

In addition to lightweight and moldable characteristics, polymeric foams possess an excellent energy absorbing capability that can be utilize for a wide range of commercial applications, especially in the crashworthiness of the automobiles. The purpose of the present study is to develop experimental methodology to characterize the pressure dependent yield behavior of the energy absorbing polymeric foams. For the compression test in a triaxial stress sate, a specially designed device was placed in a hydraulic press to produce and control oil pressure. For the test material, the polyurethane foams of two different densities were used. The displacement of the specimen, the load subjected to the specimen, and oil pressure applied to the specimen were measured and controlled. Stress strain curves and yield stresses for the four different oil pressure were obtained. It was found from the present experiments that the polyurethane foams exhibited significant increases in yield stress with applied pressure or mean normal stress. Based on this observation, a yield criteria which included the effect of the stress invariant were established for the polymeric foams. The obtained experimental constants which constituted the pressure-dependent yield criterion were verified.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.930-937
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• 2011

The characteristics of mean velocity and turbulence have been analyzed in the circular open channel flow using PIV measurement data for a wide range of water depth. The measured data are fitted to a velocity distribution function over the whole depth of the open channel. Reynolds shear stress and mean velocity in wall unit are compared with the analytic models for fully-developed turbulent boundary layer. Both the mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress have different distributions from the two-dimensional boundary layer flow when the water depth increases over 50% since the influence of the side wall penetrates more deeply into the free surface. The cross-stream Reynolds normal stress also has considerably different distribution in view of its peak value and decreasing rate in the outer region whether the water depth is higher than 50% or not.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

Effects of moxibution at the Gwanweon, Jungwan and Joksamlee on the blood picture in rat with transportation stress were determined. Counts of RBC showed a tendency to increase from 6 hours to 12 hours after transportation stress, however in the moxibution group, showed no changes in counts of RBC after transportation stress and the tendency of fluctuation was similiar to those of none stress group. The changes in Hb after transportation stress showed no difference among moxibution group and none moxibution group, however the changes in PCV showed a tendency to increase from 3 hours to 6 hours after transportation stress in two stress group. In the mean values of erythrocytic blood during experimental times, counts of RBC showed a high values (P<.05) in the stress only group, however in the other groups, these values showed no difference (P>.05) among treatment and the values of Hb and PCV showed no difference among 4 treatment groups. In the two stress groups, counts of WBC and Neutrophils showed a tendency to decrease after transportation stress, however the moxibution group was recovered to normal Leukocytes condition on short time compared with those of none moxibution group. In the mean values of Leukocytes during experimental times, counts of WBC and Neutrophils showed a high values and Lymphocytes showed a low values in the stress only group compared with those of other groups, however the stress group with moxibution showed no difference in Leukocytes values compared with those of normal condition group. Monocytes, Basophils and Eosinophils showed no difference among 4 treatment groups(P>.05). Results from this study indicate that the moxibution can tolerate the effects of transportation stress in rat.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.5-16
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• 1996

Based on many experimental results on fine silica sands, the strength relation between triaxial and plane strain tests is expressed as a function of both density and mean effective principal stress at failure. Stress ratio of mean normal stress to deviatoric stress at failure is a well defined function of shear angle of friction, This ratio decreases with increasing shear angle of friction. Intermediate principal stress is also expressed in terms of major and minor principal stresses and a relatively good agreement between theoretical and observed angles of failure plane in plane strain test is confirmed.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 1994

This study was done to determine the situations of stress incontinence(SI) and the differences in general characteristics, obstetrical history and SI related variables between women with stress incontinence and normal women. The design for study was a descriptive study. The number of subjects consisted of 156 women who were selected by systematic random sampling in Kwangju city. Data collection was done with the modified Hendrickson's Stress Incontinence Scale(1981) which was analyzed using frequency and percentiles. The results were as follows : 1. The stress incontinence (SI) rate of the sample was 64.1% and the majority of the women(40.9%) had experienced SI for a period of five years(the mean period was 2.7 years) without any treatment or care(83.0%). The amount of SI was from one drop(40.0%) to one teaspoon(16.7%) daily. 2. Items on the SI scale had the scores ranging from 4 to 44 with a mean score of 13.7 which showed mild SI. 3. The priority of provocative factors for SI were abdominal tightening(83%), coughing(58%), laughing(52%), sneezing(40%), steeping(18%), sudden standing(17%), nose blowing(13%), heavy exercise(11%), rapid walking up-stairs(10%) and excitment (9%) in that order. 4. There were no significant differences in age, education, spouse, job and income between the women with SI and the normal women. 5. There were no significant differences in the age at the last delivery, age of last baby. number of vaginal, or cesarean deliveries, or abdominal operations between the women with SI and the normal women. It can be concluded that SI in women has a high incidence nth various provocative factors but it is relatively mild SI on a daily basis and generally there has been no treatment. It is suggested that a descriptive study of emotional problems and precipitating variables in SI women will increase the knowledge of SI.