• 치위생과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2012

본 연구는 일부 치위생과 학생들의 식생활일지를 통한 우식성식품의 섭취빈도 및 청정식품 등의 식이섭취 실태를 조사하여 식이섭취 요인과 치아우식증과의 관련성을 연구하여 구강보건향상 및 교육지침 개발에 유용한 기초 자료로 활용하고자 2011년 6월 경기도에 소재한 S대학 치위생과 여대생을 대상으로 5일간의 식생활일지를 기록하게 하여 기록의 누락이 없는 66명의 식생활 일지를 선정하여 본 연구에 사용하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 식품섭취실태 조사 결과 우식성식품 섭취횟수는 12.82회, 우식발생가능시간은 256.36분, 청정식품 섭취횟수는 8.32회, 총간식 섭취횟수는 14.21회, 우식성간식 섭취횟수 8.70회, 1일 평균 우식간식 섭취횟수 1.74회로 나타났다. 2. 구강내 치아우식증 존재 여부에 따라 우식성식품 섭취횟수, 청정식품 섭취횟수, 우식성간식 섭취횟수는 우식집단이 비우식집단보다 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3. 식이섭취실태와 우식치아의 상관관계에서는 우식성식품 섭취횟수가 증가할수록 청정식품의 섭취 횟수와 총간식 섭취횟수도 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나 우식치아와의 상관성은 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 보아 식이섭취 조사를 통한 방법으로만 치아우식증의 발생정도와 원인을 찾고 해석하는 것은 치아우식증이 다인성 질환이라는 점을 볼 때 많은 제한점이 나타나지만, 우식성식품의 섭취횟수와 청정식품의 섭취횟수, 총간식 섭취횟수는 서로 관련성을 가지고 있는 것으로 음식의 섭취횟수의 증가는 치아우식이 생길 가능성이 있음을 예측할 수 있었고 추후 더 많은 대상자를 이용한 연구가 시행되어 식이요인과 다른 여러 요인에 의한 치아우식의 영향요인을 연구할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.248-257
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking on dietary behavior and nutrient intake among the male college students. The subjects were divided into three groups; non smoker(n=84), moderate smoker(n=68), and heavy smoker(n=89) according to duration and degree of smoking. And they were asked for general characteristics, life style, eating pattern, food frequency, and nutrient intake using questionnaire and 24-hr recall method. The mean age, height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were 26.2$\pm$6.2 years, 173.3$\pm$5.3㎝, 66.5$\pm$9.3㎏, and 22.1$\pm$2.7㎏/$m^2$, respectively. The type of residence and frequency of alcohol drinking were significantly different among three groups; the frequency of self-boarding and alcohol drinking in moderate smoker and heavy smoker was higher than those in non smoker. Comparing with non smoker, the frequency of skipping meals, especially breakfast and supper, was significantly high in moderate smoker and heavy smoker. The most common reason why heavy smoker skipped meals was ‘eating habit’, while it was ‘lack of time’ in non smoker. The results showed that the heavy smoker tended to drink coffee more often compared to the other two groups. There were no significant differences in nutrient intakes among three groups. In conclusion, heavy smoking students have unhealthy dietary behaviors in terms of high frequency of alcohol drinking, habit of skipping meals and frequent coffee drinking showing a strong need of proper education on smoking withdrawal and meal practice for them.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

This research was designed to examine the dietary habits and unbalanced diet of middle school students by gender and region. The survey was conducted using questionnaires on dietary habits and unbalanced diet administered to 726 students (urban: 367, rural: 359). The obesity index using BMI showed that the largest proportion of girls was 'underweight' in both regions, which showed a significant difference by region (p<0.001). Male students in urban areas prefer salty taste more than rural students (p<0.05). In urban areas, problems relating to dietary habits were 'unbalanced diet' and 'overeating' in male students and 'frequent snacks' and 'irregular mealtime' for female students (p<0.01). The frequencies of skipping breakfast (p<0.01), snack intake (p<0.001), eating out (p<0.001) and fast food consumption (p<0.001) were significantly higher in urban students than in rural students, and the reason for eating snacks was 'hungry' in urban students and 'habitually' and 'delicious' in rural students (p<0.01). Unbalanced diet was significantly higher in rural students compared with urban students (p<0.001) and male students compared with female students in urban (p<0.05), and the factors affecting dietary habits were mostly related to family. Male students in urban areas showed a significantly lower intake frequency of 'fish, tofu and beans' (p<0.05) and 'milk and yogurt' (p<0.05), but higher intake frequency of 'vegetables' (p<0.001) compared with female students. Male students in rural areas showed a significantly lower intake frequency of 'meat' (p<0.05) but higher intake frequency of 'milk and yogurt' (p<0.05) compared with female students. Urban students showed a significantly higher intake frequency of food groups compared with rural students. To conclude, desirable nutrition education on meal regularity, snack choice, and problems relating to unbalanced diet should be conducted in schools.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary behaviors as well as energy and nutrient intake in elementary and middle school students according to breakfast eating status. The survey was conducted using questionnaires and dietary records among 191 elementary school students and 280 middle school students residing in Chungnam. The subjects were divided into two groups according to frequency of eating breakfast: breakfast skipping (frequency of eating breakfast under 4 times/week) and breakfast eating (frequency of eating breakfast over 5 times/week). The rate of breakfast skipping was 27.2% for the elementary school students and 31.1% for the middle school students. The breakfast skipping group had a significantly lower frequency of having dinner, a lower proportion of eating at regular meal times, and a significantly higher frequency of leaving food after meals than the breakfast eating group for both elementary and middle school students. In the case of the elementary students, there was a significant difference in carbohydrate intake between the two groups. In the case of the middle school students, the intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, Ca, and Fe in the breakfast skipping group were significantly lower than those in the breakfast eating group. These results show that nutrient deficiencies among breakfast skipping individuals cannot be compensated for at the other meals during the day in middle school-aged adolescents whose nutrient requirements are high for growth. Therefore, in support of proper dietary management, it is necessary to promote and support breakfast eating in adolescents.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.582-591
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nutrition education about the Korean food guide to middle school students on food intake measured by food frequency. Three hundred first graders were sampled from two coeducational middle schools located in the small city of Chungnam area, and divided into 167 (74 boys, 93 girls) education groups of one school and 133 (70 boys, 63 girls) non education groups of the other school. Nutrition education was given to the education group for a total of 16 hours and no education to the non education group during the same period. After education, average nutrition knowledge scores of education group increased from $6.40\pm2.17\;to\;6.81\pm1.56$ significantly especially boys with a high range of increase and girls no increase. Dietary habit scores improved significantly from $46.2\pm6.5\;to\;49.1\pm6.2$ in both boys and girls of education group. Of the knowledge and dietary habits, ability of choosing a balanced meal, biased eating to some food, and taking diverse foods at every meal improved significantly in education group. In non education group no significant increases of either nutrition knowledge scores and dietary habit scores were shown. In addition education group showed significant increases after education, in the intake frequencies of rice$\cdot$noodle$\cdot$loaf bread, kimchi, green and yellow vegetables, and soybean$\cdot$soybean curds by 0.27, 0.23, 0.40 and 0.32 servings per day, compared with non education group. These changes were greater in girls than in boys. According to these results, it can be concluded that nutrition education about the Korean food guide improved effectively not only student's nutrition knowledge and dietary habits, but also healthy food intake ability. It is necessary to prepare long-term and continuous school-based nutrition education programs for the students to get into a habit of healthy food intake.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.95-112
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• 2003

Objectives： Oral health care program for the elementary school children (ESOHCP) should be met the first priority because dental caries are highly sensitive and prevalent among them. This study was performed to enhance the efficiency of ESOHCP, and their oral health promotion. Methods： The Subjects were 346 students (3rd grade 163, 6th grade 185) of one elementary school in Busan. Dental IQ and actual oral health status； the decayed, mixing and filling teeth were checked through questionnaire and oral health examination from April to June 2002. Dental IQ was presented out of one hundred, and data analysis was done using SAS (ver 8.1) program. Results： The students' cognitive level about the causative and preventive factor of dental caries was relatively high. However, the practical aspects of preventive behavior - tooth brushing； three times per day (20％), three minutes per time (22％), oral health examination； one time per three months (10％) left much to be desired. And, only 27％ of the subjects had experienced in school oral health education. The mean level of dental IQ was 79 out of 100, and 51 ％ and 42％ of them had the decayed and teeth with filling, respectively, with the rate of DMFT 82％, DT 43％, FT 57％. The level of dental IQ was higher in case of having his (her) own tooth brush (p＝0.072), standard tooth brushing (p<0.001) three times per day, post meal, three minutes per time, present experience of oral health examination (p<0.001) and dental clinic visit (p<0.001). The grade of caries was more serious in case of 6th grade (p＝0.059), an absence of his (her) own tooth brush (p＝ 0.090), present experience of oral health examination (p＝0.021), and an absence of regular dental clinic visit (p＝0.003). The frequency of oral health examination (γ＝ 0.620), tooth brushing； times per day (γ＝0.445), post meal (γ＝0.355), expending times per brushing (γ＝0.352), right cognition to the treatment of caries (γ＝0.401), positive attitude to dental treatment (γ＝0.387), the frequency of dental clinic visit for the past one year (γ＝0.152) showed significant correlation with dental IQ. In the multivariate analysis, dental IQ was influenced by the frequency of oral health examination, right cognition to the cause of caries, times of teeth brushing per day, right cognition to the treatment of caries, etc., with adjusted R2＝0.857. Conclusion： Though the students' cognitive level about the causative and preventive factor of dental caries was high, the practical aspects of preventive behavior left much to be desired. Ant the current ESOHCP considered to be still inefficient. However, frequent dental visits had apparent correlation with hish level of dental IQ. The specialized and practical program should be needed for the efficient ESOHCP. Harmonized effort from educational, health and dental society is essential.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2005

평균체중 280 g의 넙치를 대상으로 탄수화물, 단백질 및 지질 함량이 다른 3종류의 EP사료(HC, HP및 HL)를 제조하여, 사료 공급율과 공급휫수를 달리하여 영양소 소화율을 조사하였다. 사료의 공급율에 따른 실험(실험 1)은 파 사료별로 1일 1회 만복 공급구와 만복의 80% 공급구로 설정하였다. 사료 공급횟수에 따른 실험(실험 2)에서는 사료의 공급휫수를 각 사료마다 2일 1회, 1일 1회, 1일 2회 및 1일 3회로 설정하였다. 사료 공급율을 달리한 실험 1에서 넙치의 건물, 단백질, 지질, 에너지 및 NFE 소화율은 사료 조성과 공급율에 영향을 받지 않았다. (P>0.05).사료 공급횟수를 달리한 실험 2리 건물 소화율은 동일한 공급횟수에서 HP 공급구가 HC와 HL 공급구와 비교하여 높은 소화율을 보였다. 단백질 소화율은 사료 조성에 영향을 받아 HP 공급구가 수치상으로 높은 값을 보였으나 실험구간에 유의차는 없었다(P>0.05).지질 소화율은 사료 공급횟수에 영향을 받아 1일 2회와 3회 공급구에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. NFE 소화율은 사료 조성과 공급횟수에 경향을 받았으며, 동일한 공급횟수에서 1일 3회 공급구를 제외한 실험 구에서 HP 공급구의 소화율이 높은 경향을 보였다. 그리고 동일한 사료에서는 2일 1회에서 1일 2회까지 공급횟수가 증가하면서 NFE 소화율이 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 에너지 소화율은 동일한 공급 횟수에서 1일 1회 공급구를 제외하고 HP를 공급한 실험구가 다른 실험구에 비해 높았고, HP 공급구들 간에는 사료공급횟수에 영향을 받지 않았다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.116-131
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to obtain the menstrual patterns and menstrual discomforts in women university students. For the data collection, self-administered questionnaire survey was made from December 10, 1996 to January 20, 1997 among the 180 women university students in Seoul. The resultant data were processed by SAS program for frequency, proportion, and chi-square test. The results of this study are as follows ; 1) The mean age of the subjects was 20.6 years old. The mean height was 162cm and weight was 52.3Kg. $26.9\%$ of the subjects responded that they had experienced the unbalanced diet, $56\%$ the irregular meal, $39.6\%$intermittent dizziness, and $63.4\%$ the premenstrual syndrome. $53.7\%$ had feeling that skin temperature of their four extremities was 'a little lower than others'. The mean BMI(Body Mass Index) was 19.8, 'normal level' was $41.8\%$. $18.7\%$ responded that their characters were 'introspective ones'. The mean age of menache was 13.8 years old. The subjects responded that the mean number of pads they used per day during menstrual periods was 4.6 sheets. The mean duration of menstruation was 5.4 days, $10.4\%$ responded that their menstrual cycles were 'extremely regular', $44.8\%$ was 'regular', $36.6\%$ was 'a little irregular', and $8.2\%$ was 'extremely irregular'. Out of them who had experienced the dysmenorrhea, $21.3\%$ had family history of dysmenorrhea in connection with their mother and $35.0\%$ in their sisters. The mean of the first time that they experienced dysmenorrhea was 15 years old. $94\%$ of the subjects responded that they had experienced the dysmeorrhea. $47.6\%$ of the subjects responded that they experienced the dysmenorrhea 'monthly' and $52.4\%$ 'intermittently'. $53.0\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that dysmenorrhea was the severest 'on the first menstrual day' and $22.4\%$ 'on the second day'. $48.8\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that the most painful region was 'low abdomen'. $40\%$ of them who had experienced dysmenorrhea responded that they used 'analgesics' to soothe dysmenorrhea, $24.8\%$ used nothing, $18.4\%$ lay in their beds or slept, and $12\%$ made their 'low abdomen' warm. $70.3\%$ who had used analgesics because of dysmenorrhea took analgesics 'one or two times per month', $25.7\%$ 'intermittently', and $4.0\%$ more than 3 times per month. The analgesics which they used were 'geworin$(33.8\%)$,' 'penzal$(32.4\%)$', 'tyrenol$(18.9\%)$', and 'aspirin$(4.2\%)$'. $(47.9\%)$ of them who took analgesics because of dysmenorrhea responded that the duration of analgesics effect was '4 to 8 hours'. $15.1\%$ of them who experienced dysmenorrhea responded that they had visited the hospital. 2) The incidence of premenstrual syndrome was no significant difference according to the BMI, unbalanced diet, pattern of meal, skin temperature of four extremites, and characters. 3) The incidence of dysmenorrhea was significant difference according to the BMI, unbalanced diet, pattern of meal, skin temperature of four extremites, and characters. 4) The incidence of analgesics usage was significant difference according to the BMI, subjects with low BMI took more analgesics than those with normal BMI (p<.05). The incidence of analgesics usage was significant difference in accordance with pattern of meal. The women who had a meal regularly took more analgesics than those who had a meal irregularly(p<.05). But the incidence of analgesics usage was no significant difference in accordance with the unbalanced diet, characters, the incidence of dizziness, skin temperature of four extremities, the incidence of premenstrual syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.414-427
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• 2008

초등학교 $4{\sim}6$학년 어린이 142명 (남 80명, 여 62명)을 대상으로 식습관과 식이섭취조사를 실시하여 에너지를 과잉으로 섭취할 위험이 있는 어린이를 선별할 수 있는 간단한 식습관평가표를 개발한 결과는 다음과 같다. 에너지 과잉섭취 위험이 있는 어린이를 선별하기 위해서는 과잉섭취의 위험을 나타낼 수 있는 지표가 필요하므로 에너지 섭취량, 지방 섭취량, 에너지필요추정량에 대한 에너지 섭취량 비율 (%EER)의 세가지 지표를 임의로 선정하였고, 식습관 각 문항의 응답 보기에서 가장 좋은 식습관에 대하여 0점, 가장 좋지 않은 식습관에 대하여 2점을 부여하고, 이 두가지 식습관 사이에 중간 정도의 보기가 있는 경우 1점을 부여하였다. 부여된 점수로 계산한 각 문항의 식습관 점수와 에너지 과잉섭취 위험 평가지표와의 Pearson상관계수를 계산한 결과 유의적인 양의 상관관계를 나타낸 식습관 문항은 식사 중 TV 시청 여부, 식사속도, 식사량, 과식횟수, 외식횟수, 간식횟수, 라면과 패스트푸드 섭취 횟수에 관한 7개 문항으로 나타나 이들을 평가표에 포함시킬 문항으로 선정하였다. 선정된 문항 중에서 에너지 과잉섭취 위험을 더 잘 가려낼 수 있는 문항에 대한 가중치를 부여하기 위하여 선정된 문항과 에너지 과잉섭취 위험 평가지표와의 단계적 회귀분석을 실시하였고, 단계적 회귀분석 결과에 따라 세가지 지표 모두와 유의수준이 0.1 미만인 식사량에 관한 문항의 배점을 1점으로 낮추었다. 진단기준 점수를 결정하기 위해서 %EER$\geq$125%를 에너지 과잉섭취군, %EER < 125%를 비과잉섭취군으로 분류하고, 두 집단의 식습관평가표 점수 분포를 살펴본 후, 임의의 진단기준 점수에 대한 민감도, 특이도, 양성예측도를 구한 결과 5점을 진단기준 점수로 결정하였다. 본 조사대상자를 식습관평가표로 진단하여 5점 이상을 위험군으로 분류하였을 때, 13.4%가 위험군으로 분류되었고, 이들의 영양소 섭취량을 비위험군과 비교한 결과 위험군의 에너지 섭취량 평균은 2,156 kcal, 비위험군은 1,708 kcal로 유의적 차이가 있었으며, 대부분의 영양소 섭취량에도 유의적 차이를 볼 수 있었다. 그러나 에너지 섭취량으로 보정해 주어 INQ로 계산한 결과 모든 영양소에서 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 에너지 과잉섭취 위험 진단을 위한 식습관평가표는 에너지 과잉을 잘 나타내 준다고할 수 있겠다. 본 연구에서 개발된 7문항의 식습관평가표는 복잡한 식이섭취조사를 실시하지 않고도 에너지 과잉섭취의 위험이 있는 어린이를 선별할 수 있으리라고 생각되며, 초등학생이 쉽고 간편하게 사용할 수 있으므로 이들을 대상으로 영양판정이나 영양교육을 실시할 때 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 다만 본 연구에서는 중소도시, 군 지역 어린이를 대상으로 조사한 결과를 이용하여 에너지 과잉섭취 위험을 평가할 수 있는 식습관평가표를 개발하였으므로 대도시를 포함한 다양한 지역의 어린이에게 활용하여 타당성을 검토하는 것이 필요하겠다. 개인의 식습관을 평가하여 진단하는 것은 영양교육이나 영양사업을 계획하고 실시하기 위하여 가장 먼저 해야 하는 단계로 이를 위한 간단하고 효율적인 평가도구가 절실히 필요하다. 따라서 앞으로 다양한 인구집단을 대상으로 다양한 영양적 위험을 평가하고 진단할 수 있는 식습관평가표가 지속적으로 개발되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to examine relationships between breakfast skipping and ecological factors related to eating practice. Participants were 537 children (male: 274, female: 263) from two elementary schools in Kyunggi-do (School A) and Seoul (School B). Analysis included cross-tabulation of demographics, factors related to eating practice and weight status, frequency of breakfast skipping and types of breakfast and the number of foods at breakfast by schools. Logistic regression were conducted to identify the factors associated with breakfast skipping. Children in school B showed higher socioeconomic status by living environment and the type of fathers' job than those in school A. Eighty six percent of children in school B and 75% in school A ate breakfast 5 times and more per week. School and father's occupation differences correlated with the frequency of breakfast, but not mother's employ status was not. After controlling school. type of father's job, mother's employ status, eating breakfast 5 times and more was associated with eating with other family members, feeling hungry before breakfast, normal weight status, eating Korean traditional meal type and number of food eaten at breakfast. The results stress the need for intervention programs aimed at decreased skipping breakfast among elementary school children. While programs need to reach all children skipping breakfast, approaches need to be suitable to in particular those from low socioeconomic backgrounds.