• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of ME and crude protein (CP) content of diet on the performance and production cost of white semibroiler chickens. Three hundred sixty hatched white semibroiler chickens (Hy-Line $female\;{\times}\;Ross^{(R)}$ male) were assigned to low dietary treatments of different metabolizable energy (ME) value and crude protein (CP) content: T1; ME 3,040 and 3,070 kcal/kg, CP 21.40 and 20.86%, T2; ME 2,950 and 3,000 kcal/kg, CP 20.62 and 19.70%, T3; ME 2,950 and 3,000 kcal/kg, CP 19.90 and 18.70% and T4; ME 2,900 and 2,920 kcal/kg, CP 18.50 and 18.00% for starter diet ($0{\sim}1st$ wk) and power diet ($2{\sim}5th$ wk), respectively There were significant (P<0.01) differences among treatments in weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. T1 was significantly higher in weight gain and feed intake and love. in feed conversion ratio than other treatments. Production index of T1 (153.42) was far greater than T2 (112.13), T3 (108.40) and T4 (100.95). It was concluded that semibroilers required similar ME and CP to those of regular commercial broilers (highbro).

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.199-214
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic dietary metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on productivity, meat quality and blood composition of crossbred chicks (hanhyub 3 ho) for different growring periods. Experiments were factorially designed with ME 3,000, 3,100kcal/kg and CP 21, 22, 23% for starter (0-4wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 18, 19, 20% for grower (5-8wks); ME 3,100, 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg and CP 15, 16, 17% for finisher (9-10wks). The total number of chicks and replicate of each treatment for starter, grower, finisher were 720, 4; 702, 6; 468, 4, respectively. The diets was mixed with more 90% organic feed ingredients. The productivity were not influence by dietary ME for starting period. Weight gain and feed intake were significantly increased in CP 23% treatment than CP 21, 22% treatment (P<0.05). FCR was improved as dietary CP increased (P<0.05). Weight gain was tended to be increased by decreaing ME content and increasing CP contents for growing period. Feed intake showed no difference among the ME and CP treatment groups. FCR improved significantly in CP 19, 20% compared with CP 18% (P<0.05). Weight gain was not significantly different between ME and CP treatments for finishing period. Feed intake was lower in ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg than the ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). FCR was higher in ME 3,100kcal/kg than ME 3,150, 3,200kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05). Interaction on productivity was not exited between ME and CP treatment groups for different feeding periods. There was no difference in the total protein, albumin, glucose and triglyceride amount in blood depending on dietary ME and CP contents. Total cholesterol was greatly decreased in ME 3,100kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05), but not different between CP treatments. Cooking loss of breast meat was lower in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,200kcal/kg (P<0.05). Moisture, shear force and pH were not statistically different among treatments. Protein solubility was increased by increasing ME and CP in diets. The collagen was tended to increase as dietary ME increased. Redness was remarkably higher in ME 3,150kcal/kg than the ME 3,100kcal/kg (P<0.05). Yellowness of meat fed ME 3,150kcal/kg showed significantly lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, the optium ME and CP to improve the productivity for each period were 3,000kcal/kg, 23%; 3,100kcal/kg, 19%; 3,150kcal/kg, CP 16%, repectively.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.291-302
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• 2008

To acquire essentially necessary basic data to establish feeding system by verifying appropriate dietary energy and protein level for the growth of commercial slow growing broiler chicks within the country, two experiments were conducted for 5 weeks. One day old, 1,404 male and female broiler chicks were used for the experiments, and 26 chicks were placed at each pen. The energy level of feed was maintained about 3,000 or 3,100 kg/kcal for whole breeding period of 5 weeks, and protein content was adjusted about 20, 21, and 22% during the first two weeks and the content was adjusted to 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22% from the 3 to 5 weeks old of the experiment. The categories of body weight and feed intake amount were monitored to calculate the productivity and blood sampling was conducted for the analysis at the end of each experiment. Experiment 1:Although the productivity by the ME content difference during $0{\sim}2$ weeks did not have significant difference and the body weight increase by the difference of CP content and feed intake amount did not have much difference, the feed requirement rate was statistically improved in CP 21 and 22% treatment groups compared to the CP 20% group (P<0.05). The feed ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group during $3{\sim}5$ weeks after starting the experiment revealed to show improved feed requirement rate (P<0.05). Within the period of experiment, the CP 22% treated group resulted to show significant body weight increase compared to the groups treated with low levels of CP (P<0.05) and the feed requirement rate was improved in high CP treated group compared to low CP treated groups, but the feed intake amount did not show significant difference between treated groups. During the experiment period, the body weight increase and feed requirement rate revealed to interact between ME and CP (P<0.05). During the whole experiment period of the 5 weeks, the feed requirement rate was improved in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group than the groups treated with ME 3,000 kcal/kg, and the CP (20) 18% treatment groups resulted to show higher values than other treatment groups (P<0.05). Body weight increase was high in CP (22) 22% treated groups than those of CP (21) 21% and (20) 18% treated groups, and the interaction between ME and CP was found at body weight increase and feed requirement rate (P<0.05). Although blood albumin and total cholesterol levels were elevated in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group than ME 3,000 kcal/kg treated group, but neutral fat content was reduced (P<0.05). On the other hand, the total cholesterol content was increased in CP (22) 21% treated group than CP (22) 20% and CP (20) 18% treated groups (P<0.05). Experiment 2: The body weight increase in 0-2 weeks was higher in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treated group than ME 3,000 kcal/kg treated group, and it was highly improved in CP 22% treated group than CP 20% treated group by showing the interaction between CP and ME (P<0.05). The significant improvement of feed requirement rate was observed in CP 21% and 22% treated groups compared to CP 20% treated group (P<0.05). The productivity between the growth period from 3 to 5 weeks of age and whole growth period resulted to show no significant difference. Although no difference was observed in blood composition between treated groups, the interaction of ME and CP on cholesterol content was accepted at the range of P<0.05). Therefore, it is considered that the appropriate dietary protein level within feed for the physiology of growing broiler chicks was 22% or more for the first two weeks and protein level of 21% or 20% from 3 to 5 weeks old for the maximization of productivity. Even if the energy level within feed had some partial effects on the productivity, but did not show consistency. So, further experiments needto be conducted by differentiating the energy level.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2011

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on productivity and feed cost in crossbred chicks. Experiment was divided into starting (0~5 weeks), growing (6~10 weeks), and finishing (11~14 weeks) periods. Design of feeding trials was 3 ${\times}$ 3 factorial to feed different energy and protein levels for starting (ME 2,950, 3,000, and 3,050 kcal/kg CP 18, 19, and 20%), growing (ME 3,000, 3,050, and 3,100 kcal/kg CP 17, 18, and 19%) and finishing (ME 3,050, 3,100, and 3,150 kcal/kg CP 16, 17, and 18%) periods, respectively. In the starting period, weight gain and FCR was improved by dietary protein level (P<0.05). Interaction effect existed in feed intake and FCR (P<0.05). Weight gain was higher in 3,000 kcal/kg ME treatment than 3,100 kcal/kg ME treatment for growing period (P<0.05). In finishing period, feed intake was significantly decreased in ME 3,150 kcal/kg treatment than the other ME treatments (P<0.05). Feed cost/weight gain (FC/WG) was significantly decreased in chicks fed with 2,950 kcal/kg ME and 19% CP in starting period (P<0.05). For the growing period, FC/WG was notably increased in ME 3,000, 3,050 kcal/kg treatment than ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatment, and the FC/WG of CP 17, 18% treatment was significantly higher than CP 16% treatment (P<0.05). Thus, the optimum levels of ME and CP to improve the productivity and feed cost for starting, growing and finishing periods were 2,950 kcal/kg ME, 19% CP 3,000 kcal/kg ME, 18% CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME, 17 or 16% CP, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.369-376
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) on post-molt performance and egg quality of spent laying hens. Four hundred and thirty two, ISA Brown hens at sixty six weeks of age after molt induction were fed six experimental diets containing three ME (2,750, 2,800, 2,850 kcal/kg) with two CP (15, 17%) levels in a factorial design. The influence of ME and CP were evaluated on egg production, egg weight and feed intake throughout 24 weeks of production. Egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during the experimental period. Haugh unit, yolk color and eggshell breaking strength were measured at 5%, 50%, peak, post peak and end stage of egg production. The hens fed 2800 kcal/kg diet along with 15% CP recorded the highest outcome of egg production (P<0.05). The egg weight has been shown to increase with hens receiving 2,800 kcal/kg ME. Daily egg mass tended to increase in hens fed with 15% CP and 2,800 kcal/kg ME. Feed intake decreased significantly with the level of ME and CP in the diet increased (P<0.05). Yolk color was improved significantly in eggs laid by the hens receiving 17% CP than 15% diet. It also tended to be higher in 17% CP with 2,800 or 2,850 kcal/kg ME diet treatments. Egg shell breaking strength increased with hens receiving diets of 15% CP and 2,800 kcal/kg. From this experiment it can be concluded that the ME level of 2,800 kcal/kg coupled with 15% CP could be used to achieve the higher egg production and better eggshell strength in induced molting hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2009

These studies were conducted to investigate the various dietary CP and ME feeding effect on productivity, blood composition and meat quality in cross bred chicks. Seven hundred twenty one day old cross bred chicks (Hanhyup Samho) were alloted to the floor pen for early starting (0~2 weeks), starting (3~5 weeks), growing (6~8 weeks), finishing period (9~10 weeks). Dietary ME and CP were 3,000, 3,100 kcal/kg, and 22% for early starting period, 19, 20, 21% for starting period, 18, 19, 20% for growing period, 17, 18, 19% for finishing period. Weight gain and feed consumption were weekly measured and feed conversion ratios were calculated. Blood and breast meat were collected at the end of experiment. Birds fed ME 3,100 kcal/kg diets improved significantly compared with others for the first two weeks (P<0.05). Feed conversion was statistically improved in CP (22)21% treatment relative to that of CP (22)20% from three to five weeks of age. No difference were found from 6 to 8 weeks of age. Weight gain and feed conversion also improved in ME 3,100 kcal/kg treatments, but feed intake decreased significantly in CP ($22{\times}21{\times}20$)19% treatment for the rest of experimental period (P<0.05). There was interaction between ME and CP for the first five weeks (P<0.05). Blood total protein showed higher in ME 3,100 kcal/kcal treatment than ME 3,000 kcal/kg (P<0.05). There were no differences in albumin, total cholesterol and glucose, but CP ($22{\times}20{\times}19$)18 treatment showed higher glucose than other treatments (P<0.05). Cooking loss, tenderness and water holding capacity were not different. However, pH was dependent on dietary ME, CP and existing the interaction between ME and CP treatments (P<0.05). As the results of this experiment, ME and CP were confirmed the 3,000 kcal/kg, 22% for the first two weeks 3,100 kcal/kg, 21% from three to five weeks of age, 3,100 kcal/kg, 18% for the growing period, 3,100 kcal/kg, 17% for the rest of period. However, further research would be required to confirm more optimum dietary nutrition for cross bred chicks.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.238-243
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• 2022

Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behavioral syndrome characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction, and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The gene encoding Methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is one of a few exceptional genes of established causal effect in ASD. Although genetically engineered mice studies may shed light on how MeCP2 loss affects synaptic activity patterns across the whole brain, such studies are not considered practical in ASD patients due to the overall level of impairment, and are technically challenging in mice. For the first time, we show that hippocampal MeCP2 knockdown produces behavioral abnormalities associated with autism-like traits in rats, providing a new strategy to investigate the efficacy of therapeutics in ASD. Ketamine, an N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) blocker, has been proposed as a possible treatment for autism. Using the MeCP2 knockdown rats in conjunction with a rat model of valproic acid (VPA)-induced ASD, we examined gene expression and ASD behaviors upon ketamine treatment. We report that the core symptoms of autism in MeCP2 knockdown rats with social impairment recovered dramatically following a single treatment with ketamine.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.138-142
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• 1996

The transition metal carbonylate, PPN+(${\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2Cl^-$ undergoes a novel ligand substitution reaction with PR3 (R=Me, Et, OEt, $C_6H_5$ in THF at elevated temperatures (40 $^{\circ}C$ up to 60 $^{\circ}C)$ under the pseudo-first-order reaction conditions (usually 20-fold excess of PR3 with respect to metal carbonylate concentrations) where chloride is displaced by PR3. The reaction follows overall first order dependence on [(${\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2Cl^-$]; however, the negative entropy changes of activation (${\Delta}S^{\neq}$=-19.3 e.u. for $P(OEt)_3$; ${\Delta}S^{\neq}$=-16.4 e.u. for $PPh_3$) suggest the existence of the intermediate, ((η3-MeCp)Mn(CO)2(THF)Cl-, which eventually transforms to the product (${\eta}^5-MeCp)Mn(CO)_2(PR_3)$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.723-731
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• 1992

Two similar experiments were designed to evaluate the interaction of dietary CP and ME levels on the production performance parameters at the age between 155 and 300 days in Starcross layers. In both experiments, the feed intake and mortality decreased but the egg weight, body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased as the dietary CP and ME levels increased. The CP intake was highest CP and lowest ME levels. With the increasing CP and decreasing ME levels, the ME intake decreased significantly (Experiments 1 & 2). The $CP{\times}ME$ interactions were significant only on mean egg weight and egg production in Experiment 2. In both the experiments, the CP levels were positively correlated with CP intake, egg weight, body weight gain and egg production and negative correlation with feed intake, mortality percentage and ME intake. The ME levels showed negative correlation with feed intake, protein intake, mortality percentages and positive correlation with all other parameters in both experiments. The highest values were noted for all the parameters (except mortality percentages) in Experiment 1 than that recorded in Experiment 2.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.669-673
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• 1993

The CO substitution reactions of the complex, $Cp(S-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)CrCo$ with $PR_3(PR_3=PMePh_2,\;P(OCH_3)_3,\;PMe_2Ph)$ were investigated spectrophotometrically at various temperatures. From the reaction rates, it was suggested that the CO substitution reaction took place by first-order (dissociative) pathway. Activation parameters in decaline were ${\Delta}H^{\neq}\;=\;22.0\;kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}=\;-3.8cal{\cdot}mol^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$. Unusually low value of ${\Delta}S{\neq}$ suggests an ${\eta}^5-S{\to}{\eta}^5-U$ conversion of the pentadienyl ligand. This suggestion was confirmed by the Extended-Huckel molecular orbital (EHMO) calculations, which revealed that the total energy of $Cp(S-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5$)CrCO is about 0.42 kcal/mol more lower than that of $Cp(U-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)CrCO$ and the energy of $[Cp(U-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)Cr{\cdots}CO]^{\neq} $ transition state is about 2.43 kcal/mol lower than that of $[Cp(S-2,4-Me_2C_5H_5)Cr{\cdots}CO]^{\neq}$ transition state.