• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.433-438
• /
• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Breast milk is the best available food for optimum growth and development of infants and the breastfeeding rate is increasing in Korea. The purpose of this study is to measure the concentrations of macronutrients and to evaluate their changes according to lactation period in breast milk from lactating Korean women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Milk samples were obtained from 2,632 healthy lactating women (mean age; $32.0{\pm}3.3years$), where the lactating period was up to a period of 8 months, who also volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Macronutrient Analysis Research. Lactose, protein, fat and water content in the breast milk samples were analyzed with infrared spectrometry using MilkoScan FT-2. RESULTS: The mean macronutrient composition per 100 mL of mature breast milk was 7.1 g for lactose, 1.4 g for protein and 3.0 g for fat, and energy content was 61.1 kcal. The protein concentration was significantly lower in milk samples at 1-2 weeks (2.0 g/dL) to 2-3 months (1.4 g/dL) than those at 0-1 week (2.2 g/dL), but it was similar among samples from 3-4 months to 7-8 months (1.3 g/dL). Mean lipid levels varied among different lactational period groups (2.7-3.2 g/dL), but presented no significant difference. Lactose concentration in the milk samples did not differ with lactation period. Maternal body mass index was positively related to protein and lipid breast milk contents, but was negatively related to lactose content. General linear models examining the associations between maternal variables and milk macronutrient content revealed that lactation period had a major impact on protein and lipid, but not on lactose content in breast milk. CONCLUSIONS: These results warrant future studies to explore factors that may be associated with changes in macronutrient content in human milk.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.312-316
• /
• 1993

This study was carried out to develop supplementary foods for infants and monthly feeding plans of five steps. The developed supplementary foods were divided into 3 stages. First stage was designed for the babies just beginning eat pureed vegetables and fruits. Second stage was combined the nutritio-nal attributes of both vegetables and meat. Third stage was featured bite-sized pieces of tender meat and vegetables that appealed to the most mature tastes of babies. Feeding plans were divided into 5 steps according to their development. At 3 months, small amount of supplementary of smooth porri-dge can be introduced after a milk feeding each day. At 5 months, the quantity of supplementary foods can be gradually increased, and it can be given after 2 or 3 times of milk feedings. By being given different foods, infants will learn to become accustomed to new flavors at 7 months. At 9 months, the same types of additional foods are given at least 3 times a day after the milk feeds. Infants will be able to take most of the foods at 12 months, and it is important to give the infants solid foods after milk feedings at least 3 times a day.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.143-150
• /
• 2010

본 연구는 반추위 및 십이지장 cannula를 동시장착한 거세한우 3두 (평균체중 $623{\pm}18.5kg$)를 공시하여 in situ 기법으로 수확시기별 총체 벼 사일리지의 한우 생체 영양소 분해율 및 TDN을 분석하고자 실시하였다. 총체벼 사일리지의 조단백질 함량 (평균 4.81%)은 황숙기를 제외하고는 수확시기가 늦어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 총체벼 사일리지 건물의 반추 위 시간대별 분해율은 유숙기에서 배양 후 12시간 이후부터 다른 수확시기에 비해서 다소 낮은 경향을 보였다. 반추위 단백질 a-fraction은 유숙기에서 호숙기에 비해 유의성있게 높았고 (p<0.05), b-fraction의 경우, 황숙기와 호숙기가 다른 수확시기의 총체벼 사일리지보다 통계적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 반추위 EPD는 황숙기가 다른 수확시기에 비해 수치적 (호숙기 및 유숙기) 및 통계적 (완숙기)으로 높게 나타났다. 소화장관별 총체벼 사일리지 단백질 소화율에서는 전체적으로 수확시기별 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 한우 생체 사료가치 평가를 통한 총체벼 사일리지의 TDN은 황숙기가 다른 수확시기에 비해 통계적 (유숙기) 및 수치적 (호숙기 및 완숙기)으로 높게 나타났다. 현재 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 거세한우 생체 내 총체 벼 사일리지는 황숙기에 수확 시 그 사료가치가 가장 높을 것으로 판단된다. 향후 보다 정확한 사료가치 평가를 위해서 in vivo 반추위 발효 패턴 탐색 및 수확시 영양소 손실 최소화 등의 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 1990

모유에 함유된 총질소 함량과 각 질소원들의 농도를 분만후 2~3일, 1주, 2주에서 12주 까지 채취한 초유, 이행유 및 성숙유에서 측정하고, 수유기간에 따른 이들의 함량 변화를 비교 분석하였다. 모유의 총질소 함량과 각 질소원들의 농도는 분만 후 수유 초기에 현저하게 감소하였으며, 수유가 진되？체？ 성숙유에서도 완만한 감소 경향이 유의성 있게 나타났다. 특히 수유 초기 유즙에서는 Whey 단백질소 농도의 감소가 총질소 함량 변화에 가장 큰 영향을 주었다. 총질소 함량에 대한 비단백질소의 백분율은 초유와 이행유에서는 13%로 낮았으나, 6주 이후의 성숙유에서는 17~18%수준으로 큰 변화가 없었다. 또한 단백질소 중 초유의 whey 단백질소와 casein질소의 비율이 55:45에서 12주의 성숙유에서는 34:66으로 수유가 진행되면서, 점차 그 비율이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 수유 기간이 따른 이러한 질소원 사이의 상대적인 감소를 유발하는 요소는 무엇이며, 영아 영양과 관련하여 어떤 생리학적 의미가 부여될 수 있는가에 대해 보다 더 깊이 있는 연구가 앞으로 계속 수행되어야 할것이다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.99-104
• /
• 1993

This study was carried out in order to develop supplementary foods for infants using Korean foods. Thirty-four different kinds of supplementary foods were developed and fourteen representative ones were selected to be analyzed chemically. The results are as follows: 1. The developed supplementary foods were 34 kinds and divided into 3 stages. First stage is designed for the babies just beginning to eat pureed vegetables and fruits. Second stage combined the nutritional attributes of both vegetables and meat. Third stage featured tender, bite-size pieces of meats and vegetables that appealed to the most mature tastes of basies. 2. In the production of prepared foods; water, milk, vegetable juice, fruit juice, and soy milk were used as the liquid source; rice, rice starch, chestnut, noodle, potatoes, sweet potatoes, rice cakes as the carbohydrate source; fish, meats soybean curd, beans, eggs, chicken, cow liver as the protein source; and vegetables and fruits were used as vitamin & mineral source. 3. The approximate composition range of the products were 10.91∼24.46% carbohydrate, 0.15∼6.06% protein, 0.092∼7% fat, 0.13∼ 1.37% ash, 0.63∼36.34% calcium, 0.092∼0.48% iron and 0.42∼16.36% vitamin C.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제42권2호
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 2024

Milk exosomes contain several bioactive molecules, including lipids, proteins, and miRNAs, which enhance immune response. This study aimed to assess the resistance effects of bovine colostrum exosomes (BCEs) on pathogenic microbial infections in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. BCEs have been shown to enhance the protective response of C. elegans to pathogenic bacterial infections. Our study revealed that BCE extended the lifespan of worms compared to control OP50 worms. In addition, nematode colostrum exosomes promoted nematode resistance to four pathogenic bacteria and prolonged their lifespan in a killing assay. In contrast, mature milk-derived exosomes (BME) did not affect the resistance and lifespan of nematodes exposed to pathogenic bacteria. BCE exposure extended the lifespan of C. elegans against pathogenic infections by stimulating the innate immune response and increasing antimicrobial protein expression. Using biological process-related gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, the significantly upregulated GO terms related to C. elegans immunity in BCE-exposed C. elegans included defense, innate immunity, and immune responses. This study demonstrated that BCE enhanced the host defense of C. elegans to prolong its lifespan, thereby suggesting a new natural product against infection by pathogenic bacteria.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.58-64
• /
• 1991

수도포장과 휴반에서 발생하는 노린재종의 분포와 반점미 발생 관계를 조사한 결과를 휴반에서 총 21종의 노린재가 채집, 분류되었으며, 그중 우점종은 가시점둥글노린재, 긴날개쐐기노린제였고, 수도포장에서는 11종이 동정되었으며 우점종은 긴날개쐐기노린재, 설상무늬장님 노린재, 가시점동글노린재이었다. 노린재 종별 반점미 발생율은 가시점둥글노린재가 가장 심하여 34.7%였고 그 다음은 붉은잡초노린재로 2.7%였다. 노린재가 주로 벼의 유숙기를 중심으로 출수기에서 황숙기에 피해를 주었을 때 반점미 발생이 많았고, 품종별로는 극조생 또는 조생종 품봉인 태백벼, 소백벼, 삼강벼 등에서 심하였다. 지역별 반점미 발생은 조생종 품종이 재배되는 포천등 내장산간지에서 많았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.421-427
• /
• 2012

The production of therapeutic proteins from transgenic animals is one of the most important successes of animal biotechnology. Milk is presently the most mature system for production of therapeutic proteins from a transgenic animal. Specifically, ${\beta}$-casein is a major component of cow, goat and sheep milk, and its promoter has been used to regulate the expression of transgenic genes in the mammary gland of transgenic animals. Here, we cloned the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene and analyzed the transcriptional activity of the promoter and intron 1 region of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene. Sequence inspection of the 5'-flanking region revealed potential DNA elements including SRY, CdxA, AML-a, GATA-3, GATA-1 and C/EBP ${\beta}$. In addition, the first intron of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene contained the transcriptional enhancers Oct-1, SRY, YY1, C/EBP ${\beta}$, and AP-1, as well as the retroviral TATA box. We estimated the transcriptional activity for the 5'-proximal region with or without intron 1 of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene in HC11 cells stimulated with lactogenic hormones. High transcriptional activity was obtained for the 5'-proximal region with intron 1 of the porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene. The ${\beta}$-casein gene containing the mutant TATA box (CATAAAA) was also cloned from another individual pig. Promoter activity of the luciferase vector containing the mutant TATA box was weaker than the same vector containing the normal TATA box. Taken together, these findings suggest that the transcription of porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene is regulated by lactogenic hormone via intron 1 and promoter containing a mutant TATA box (CATAAAA) has poor porcine ${\beta}$-casein gene activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.580-586
• /
• 2000

Data collected between 1981 and 1991 at the Philippine Carabao Center at Central Luzon State University (PCC-CLSU) were used for the comparison of growth, milk yield and draughtability of Murrah-Philippine crossbred and Philippine native buffaloes. Body weights and body measurements were available at 3-month intervals from birth to 36 months of age for a total of 34 $Murrah{\times}Philippine$ native buffalo F1 crossbreds (CBB; 21 cows, 13 bulls) and 32 Philippine native buffaloes (PNB; 16 cows, 16 bulls). Lactation records were available for 14 CBB and 19 PNB cows. Data for draughtability under wet and dry ploughing conditions were available for 4 CBB and 4 PNB steers. The results indicate that crossbreds grow faster (0-9 months of age: cows $442{\pm}19$ vs. $301{\pm}21g/day$, bulls $305{\pm}23$ vs. $296{\pm}21g/day$; 9-36 months of age: cows $227{\pm}10$ vs. $147{\pm}12g/day$, bulls $282{\pm}13$ vs. $138{\pm}12g/day$), mature earlier and produce more milk (1st lactation: $1139{\pm}153$ vs. $450{\pm}112kg$; 2nd lactation: $1115{\pm}132$ vs. $488{\pm}136kg$) than native buffaloes, but have a poorer draughtability (wet ploughing; force as % of body weight $8.8{\pm}0.2$ vs. $12.2{\pm}0.6$; dry ploughing: cut depth $10.98{\pm}0.25$ vs. $11.92{\pm}0.13cm$, velocity $0.50{\pm}0.03$ vs. $0.60{\pm}0.02m/sec$, force as % of body weight $9.0{\pm}0.6$ vs. $11.3{\pm}0.7$). The correlation coefficients between body weight and body measurements at birth and at 3-month intervals indicate that heart girth has a relatively high correlation with body weight, especially in crossbreds. It is concluded that in Philippine smallholder farming systems in which meat and milk production are secondary to draught power, the native buffalo is preferable from the point of view of input needed to maintain the number of animals kept for a required draught force.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• 제50권9호
• /
• pp.912-918
• /
• 2007

목 적 : 산모의 알레르기 질환 병력 유무와 초유와 모유 간에 차이가 있는지 살펴보고, 또한 이들의 모유수유 기간에 따른 자녀의 알레르기 질환 발생 유무의 차이를 보고, 생후 2세까지 발생한 알레르기 질환과 모유 내의 면역학적 인자간의 연관성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 2002년 5월부터 2003년 2월까지 참여를 희망한 총 138명의 산모에서 알레르기 질환이 있는 산모 88명과 알레르기 질환이 없는 산모 50명으로 나누어 조사하였다. 생후 2일경 초유와 생후 4주경의 모유를 채취하여, 초유와 모유 내 IL-4, IL- 6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, RANTES, $TGF-{\beta}1$과 $TGF-{\beta}2$를 측정하였다. 이후 소아는 생후 2세까지 알레르기 질환의 발생에 대한 추적관찰을 하였으며, 초유와 모유 내의 사이토카인과의 연관성을 비교하였다. 결 과 : 알레르기 질환이 있는 산모 군에서 6개월 이상 모유 수유하는 경우가 34.4%(n=21)였고, 3개월 미만으로 수유한 경우가 55.6%(n=15)로 두군 간에 통계학적 차이는 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 초유 내의 IL-8 농도만이(P=0.021) 알레르기 질환이 있는 산모에서 더 높게 측정되었다. 반면 초유 내의 $TGF-{\beta}1$와 $TGF-{\beta}2$ 농도는 알레르기 질환이 없는 산모에서 더 높게 측정되었다(P=0.013, P=0.001). 초유나 모유 내 사이토카인과 생후 2세까지 알레르기 질환이 발생한 소아 간에 통계학적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 생후 2세까지 발생한 알레르기 질환과의 연관성 있는 사이토카인은 발견하지는 못했다. 알레르기 질환이 있는 산모와 알레르기 질환이 없는 산모 간에 차이를 보인 $TGF-{\beta}1$, $TGF-{\beta}2$와 IL-8이 알레르기 질환의 병인에 연관성 조사를 위해, 추후 이들에서 장기간 추적 관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.