• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제54권4호
• /
• pp.415-421
• /
• 2016

The drug-resistance of malaria parasites is the main problem in the disease control. The huge Brazilian biodiversity promotes the search for new compounds, where the animal kingdom is proving to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the compounds obtained from the toad venoms of Brazilian Amazon. Toad venoms were collected from the secretion of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The powder was extracted at room temperature, yielding 2 extracts (RG and RM) and a substance ('1') identified as a bufadienolide, named telocinobufagin. Growth inhibition, intraerythrocytic development, and parasite morphology were evaluated in culture by microscopic observations of Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Cytotoxicity was determined against HepG2 and BGM cells by MTT and neutral red assays. The 2 extracts and the pure substance ('1') tested were active against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, demonstrating lower $IC_{50}$ values. In cytotoxic tests, the 2 extracts and substance '1' showed pronounced lethal effects on chloroquine-resistant P. faciparum strain and low cytotoxic effect, highlighting toad parotoid gland secretions as a promising source of novel lead antiplasmodial compounds.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.59-65
• /
• 2012

The present study was conducted to determine the best level of substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake in diets for kids through the evaluation of quantitative carcass traits. Thirty-two Boer kids X 1/2 NDB (no defined breed), males, non-castrated, with 4 months of age and initial body weight of $15{\pm}3.2$ kg, were randomly assigned to individual pens. The treatments contained four substitution levels of soybean meal by sunflower cake (0, 33, 66 and 100% DM). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were slaughtered. There was no influence of the treatments on any of the mean values of the evaluated measures (p>0.05): 21.78 kg (body weight at slaughter), 8.65 kg (hot carcass weight), 8.59 kg (cold carcass weight), 40.27% (hot carcass yield), 39.20% (cold carcass yield), 7.73 $cm^2$ (rib eye area), 46.74 cm (carcass outer length), 45.68 cm (carcass internal length), 36.92 cm (leg length), 26.04 cm (leg perimeter), 48.66 cm (hind perimeter), 58.62 cm (thoracic perimeter), 0.20 (carcass compactness index), 68.48% (total muscle of the leg), 2.79% (total leg fat), 55.19% (subcutaneous leg fat), 28.82% (total bone), 81.66 g (femur weight), 14.88 cm (femur length), 0.38 (leg muscularity index), 2.53 (muscle:bone ratio) and 33.42 (muscle:fat ratio). The substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake may be recommended up to a level of 100% without alterations to quantitative carcass traits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.691-700
• /
• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to assess increasing doses of phytase added to broiler diets formulated with different levels of available phosphorus (avP), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na), and the respective effects on performance parameters, quantitative carcass characteristics, ash and phosphorus deposition in tibia and weight of organs. Methods: Three different matrices were assumed for phytase with the following nutritional values: matrix A (MT A): 0.165% Ca, 0.150% avP, and 0.035% Na; matrix B (MT B): 0.215% Ca, 0.195% avP, and 0.045% Na; matrix C (MT C): 0.245% Ca, 0.225% avP, and 0.053% Na. There were six different diets: No phytase (formulated to meet the nutritional requirements); phytase 500 FTU/kg+MT A; phytase 1,000 FTU/kg+MT A; phytase 1,500 FTU/kg+MT A; phytase 1,000 FTU/kg+MT B and phytase 1,500 FTU/kg+MT C. Results: There was no significant phytase influence on performance, quantitative carcass characteristics, ash and phosphorus deposition in tibia and weight of the organ throughout the study period, however, it was possible to observe a tendency of improvement in body weight corrected feed conversion for broilers fed the phytase 1,500+MT C diet, where potentially these birds were more efficient on utilize phytic phosphorus and other nutrients bounded to phytate molecule, translating into improvement in performance, and there was also a non significant numerical improvement in body weight corrected feed conversion of broilers fed this diet. Conclusion: Broilers fed with diets formulated with different levels of avP, Ca, and Na and increasing doses of phytase have shown no change on performance, quantitative carcass characteristics, ash and phosphorus deposition in tibia and weight of organs.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.15-26
• /
• 2014

In order to study the capacities of a new occurrence of Brazilian clay samples as partial replacements of cement, a bentonite sample was selected for utilization in the natural and modified forms for present study. The natural bentonite (BBT) was modified by anchorament of 3-aminopropyltrietoxisilane ($BBT_{APS}$) and 3,2-aminoethylaminopropyltrimetoxisilane (BBTAEAPS) in the surface of component minerals of bentonite sample. The original and organo-bentonite samples were characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopic and textural analyses. The values of micropore area were varying from $7.2m^2g^{-1}$ for the BBT to $12.3m^2g^{-1}$ for the $BBT_{AEAPS}$. The bentonite samples were characterized by the main variable proportion of bentonite in the natural and intercalated forms (2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 % by weight of cement) in the replacement mode whiles the amount of cementations material. The workability, density of fresh concrete, and absorption of water decreased as the substitution of ordinary Portland cement by perceptual of natural and modified bentonite increased. The results reveal that workability decreased with decrease of the amount of natural bentonite in the concrete, same behavior is observed for bentonite functionalized, varying from 49 to 28 mm. The energetic influence of the interaction of calcium nitrate in the structure of blends was determined through the calorimetric titration procedure.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권11호
• /
• pp.6233-6239
• /
• 2013

Diabetes represents a serious health problem. In the diabetic state, alterations in metabolism, increased susceptibility to infections and immunological changes occur. The suppression of the immune response has been identified as a relevant factor that contributes to the increase in the rate of infections in these patients. At the same time, breast cancer is the most frequent malignant tumor in women. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cancer development have revealed that immune cells functionally regulate epithelial cancer development and progression. Breastfeeding has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of breast cancer. However, early systematic reviews have not yielded consistent findings for this association. The demand for human milk is increasing due to the promotion and consumer acceptance of the health benefits of consuming a natural product rich in bioactive components. However, due to changes in glucose metabolism, the components of the milk from diabetic women are modified depending on the time of evaluation. In this literature review, we summarize important new findings revealing the paradoxical role of breastfeeding in preventing the onset of breast cancer in diabetic mothers. We hypothesized that the milk component production in diabetic mothers is affected by changes in glucose metabolism. Therefore, adequate maternal glycemic control and an adequate duration of breastfeeding for diabetic mothers are crucial to ensure that the immunity components are able to confer protection against breast cancer.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제88권2호
• /
• pp.157-168
• /
• 1999

본 연구는 브라질의 서부에 있는 Mato Grosso do Sul 주의 Jangada 농장과 Jamaica 농장에 유칼리나무 식재계획(植栽計劃)을 원활히 추진하기 위해 인공위성사진을 이용하여 식생분류(植生分類) 및 토지이용구분(土地利用區分), 경사도(傾斜度) 및 영구자연보존지역(永久自然保存地域) 등을 분석한 결과이다. Mato Grosso do Sul 주의 서쪽에 위치하는 이 지역은 볼리비아와 파라과이의 국경근처에 있기 때문에 지정학적(地政學的)으로 매우 중요하다. 또한 물품수출이 파라과이강을 통해서 아르헨티나의 수도인 부에노스아이레스 까지 도달될 수 있고 브라질의 남동지역과 안데스산맥에 연한 국가들을 연결하는 국도(國道)와 철도(鐵道)가 존재한다. 농장의 산림(山林) 피복지역(被服地域)의 일차해석을 위한 기초로서 Radambrasil프로젝트 SF-21 Campo Grande로부터 얻은 식생지도가 사용되었고, 그 이후에 현장조사(現場調査)가 수행되었다. 최초의 이미지해석이 이루어진 후에 사용급과 토지점유에 대한 개념정의가 이루어 졌으며 스펙트럼분류가 행해졌다. Jangada 농장과 Jamaica 농장에 있어서 산림지역 Savanna와 초원지역 Savanna가 전체 총면적의 68% 정도를 차지하고 있다. 현재로서 만족한 연구결과에도 불구하고 이미 이루어진 평가결과(評價結果)에 기초하여 프로젝트 발전을 위한 수정(修正)과 보완(補完)이 요구된다. 특히 토양(土壤)과 지형(地形)을 포함해서 환경인가에 대한 상세한 분석이 병행되어야 할 것이다.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제38권1호
• /
• pp.34-37
• /
• 2019

BACKGROUND: A region can be divided into agroclimatic zones based on homogeneity in weather variables that have greatest influence on crop growth and yield. The agro-climatic zone has been used to identify yield variability and limiting factors for crop growth. This study was conducted to classify agro-climatic zones in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil for predicting crop productivity and assessing crop suitability etc. METHODS AND RESULTS: For agro-climatic zonation, monthly mean temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation data from Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, USA) between 1980 and 2010 were collected. Altitude and vegetation fraction of Brazil from Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) were also used to classify them. The criteria of agro-climatic classification were temperature in the hottest month ($30^{\circ}C$), annual precipitation (600 mm and 1000 mm), and altitude (200 m and 500 m). The state of Mato Gross in Brazil was divided into 9 agro-climatic zones according to these criteria by using matrix classification method. CONCLUSION: The results could be useful as information for estimating agro-meteorological characteristics and predicting crop development and crop yield in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제55권3호
• /
• pp.337-340
• /
• 2017

Leishmaniasis is a neglected and endemic disease that affects poorest population mainly in developing countries. A lack of adequate and definitive chemotherapeutic agents to fight against this infection has led to the investigation of numerous compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro activity of boldine against Leishmania amazonensis murine cell infection. Boldine ((S)-2,9-dihydroxy-1,10-dimethoxy-aporphine) is an aporphine alkaloid found abundantly in the leaves/bark of boldo (Peumus boldus Molina), a widely distributed tree native to Chile. The in vitro system consisted of murine macrophage infection with amastigotes of L. amazonensis treated with different concentrations from 50 to $600{\mu}g/ml$ of boldine for 24 hr. Intracellular parasite destruction was assessed by morphological examination and boldine cytotoxicity to macrophages was tested by the MTT viability assay. When cells were treated with $100{\mu}g/ml$ of boldine the reduction of parasite infection was 81% compared with untreated cultures cells. Interestingly, boldine-treatment caused a concentration-dependent decrease of macrophage infection that culminated with 96% of reduction when cells were submitted to $600{\mu}g/ml$ of boldine. Cell cultures exposed to $100{\mu}g/ml$ of boldine and $300{\mu}g/ml$ of $Glucantime^{(R)}$ during 24 hr showed a significant reduction of 50% in parasitized cells compared with cell cultures exposed just to $Glucantime^{(R)}$. The study showed that treatment with boldine produces a better effect than treatment with the reference antimonial drug, glucantime, in L. amazonensis infected macrophage. Our results suggest that boldine is a potentially useful agent for the treatment of leishmaniasis.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.281-291
• /
• 2000

본 연구에서는 브라질 서부의 Mato Grosso do Sul 주의 위치하는 장가다. 쟈마이카 두 개의 농장에 유칼리나무 인공조림블록단지를 위한 식재계획을 세워 보았다. 우선 위성사진을 분석하고 GIS에 의해서 현상태대로의 토지이용구분 및 산림식생구분을 하였고 이것을 기초로 하여 조림가능 지역을 계산하였다. 그리고 농장주인의 요구에 따라 조림가능지역에 대한 식재계획을 3차년도까지 수립하였다. 두 개의 농장 총면적은 5,301ha이며 조림가능면적은 3,913ha로서 전체면적의 74%에 해당하는 것으로 추정되었다. 그리고 나머지 26%에 해당하는 1,388ha의 면적은 산림법상 영구보존시켜야 할 산림식생 면적으로 추정되었다. 토양손실을 최소화하기 위해서 등고선에 따라 구획한 조림블록은 1년차에 27개 블록으로 총 1,308.8ha에 이르고, 2년차에도 27개 블록에 1,327.4ha, 그리고 3년차에는 30개 블록에 1,276.5ha의 면적으로 구획되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권11호
• /
• pp.5327-5332
• /
• 2012

In this review, we describe the patterns of known immunological components in breast milk and examine the relationship between breastfeeding and reduced risk of breast cancer. The top risk factors for breast cancer are a woman's age and family history, specifically having a first-degree relative with breast cancer. Women that have a history of breastfeeding have been shown to have reduced rates of breast cancer. Although the specific cause has not been elucidated, previous studies have suggested that breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer primarily through two mechanisms: the differentiation of breast tissue and reduction in the lifetime number of ovulatory cycles. In this context, one of the primary components of human milk that is postulated to affect cancer risk is alpha-lactalbumin. Tumour cell death can be induced by HAMLET (a human milk complex of alpha-lactalbumin and oleic acid). HAMLET induces apoptosis only in tumour cells, while normal differentiated cells are resistant to its effects. Therefore, HAMLET may provide safe and effective protection against the development of breast cancer. Mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed their babies because the complex components of human milk secretion make it an ideal food source for babies and clinical evidence has shown that there is a lower risk of breast cancer in women who breastfed their babies.