• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.69-80
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of an integrated self-management program on self-management, glycemic control, and maternal identity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experimental design was used. A total of 55 women with GDM were recruited from Cheil General Hospital, Seoul, Korea and were assigned to an experimental (n=28) or control group (n=27). The participants were 24-30 weeks pregnant women who had been diagnosed with GDM as of July 30, 2010. The program was conducted as a 1 hour small group meeting 3 out of 5 times and by telephone-counseling 2 out of 5 times. The integrated self-management program was verified by an expert panel. Results: Although there was no significant reduction in HbA1c (U= -1.17, p=.238), there were statistically significant increases in self-management (U= -3.80, p<.001) and maternal identity (U= -4.48, p<.001), and decreased 2-h postprandial glucose levels (U= -2.43, p<.015) in the experimental group compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that an integrated self-management program for women with GDM improves self-management, maternal identity, and glycemic control. Further studies are needed to identify the effects of an integrated self-management program on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2014

Purpose: This study examine the effects of music therapy and phone counseling on postpartum depression and maternal identity in high risk women. Methods: A nonequivalent control group time series research design was employed. Eighteen women comprised the experimental group and seventeen women, the control group. Experimental group received 4 weeks of music therapy and phone counseling. Postpartum depression and maternal identity were measured prior to intervention and on the 1st, 2nd, and 4th weeks after its introduction. Results: The first hypothesis (i.e., "the degree of postpartum depression would be lower in the experimental group than in the control group in a month's time") was not supported (z=-0.47, p=.641). The second hypothesis (i.e., "the degree of maternal identity would be lower in the experimental group than in the control group in a month") was not supported as well (z=1.08, p=.285). Conclusion: There is the need to monitor long-term effects of music therapy and phone counseling on high risk postpartum women, beyond 4 weeks observed in this study. Additionally, the development of music therapy tailored to high risk individuals and systematic phone counseling protocols for postpartum depression is required.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.405-420
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• 2001

The main purpose of this study was to identify the effect of phone counseling carried out to promote the role of the primiperous mothers. The data were collected from march 20 to may 30, 1998. The subjects for the study were the mothers of 60 first bon neonates admitted to and discharged from Sam-sung Medical Center's neonatal ward. Thirty subjects were assigned to the experimental group and thirty to the control group. A measure of maternal identity as well as level of self confidence in taking care of an infant after giving birth was taken. Informational supportive nursing was then provided to the mothers through phone counseling for a total of four times at 2~3 days, 7~8days, 12∼13days and 18∼1days after discharged. The level of self confidence in taking care of an infant was then remeasured. The control group was not provided with supportive nursing through phone counseling instead the level of confidence in taking care of an infant was measured at 3 weeks. Taking previous study documentary evidence into consideration the researcher developed a supportive nursing telephone counseling program that provided both informational and emotional support suitable to primiperous mothers. A semantic differential scale developed according to Osgood and translated and adapted by Koh Hyo-Jung was used as the maternal self identity measurement tool. The tool used to measure self confidence in taking care of infant was the developed by Bak Mi Suk which includes 13 items from Pharis's self confidence scale The data were analyzed using χ²-test, t-test and paired t-test. The result of the study are as follows 1. First hypothesis The level of self confidence in taking care of an infant for the group of primiparas who received phone counseling in the postpartum period would be higher than that of the primiparas who did not receive phone counselling : As the experimental group's level of self confidence in taking care infants was significantly higher than that of the control group this hypothesis is accepted 2. Second hypothesis The level of maternal identity will be higher for the group of primiparas who received phone counseling than that of primiparas who did not received phone counseling As the experimental group's level of maternal identity was significantly higher than that of the control group this hypothesis is accepted In looking at the results of the study as a whole, it can be concluded that emotional and informational nursing support provided through phone counselling is an effective strategy in promoting the role of new mothers.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.322-332
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• 2018

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a maternal role adjustment program on first-time mothers. Methods: The research was quasi-experimental with a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design. Participants were first-time mothers admitted to two postpartum clinics at women's hospitals. The experimental group had 38 mothers and the control group had 35 mothers. A maternal role adjustment program was applied individually to the experimental group between the 1st and 2nd weeks after childbirth. Assessing Adaptation to Motherhood, Semantic Differential Scale-Myself as Mother, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to measure effects of the program. A pre-test was conducted in the 1st week after childbirth while post-tests were conducted in the 4th and 6th weeks. Data were analyzed with $x^2$ test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS 24.0. Results: Maternal role adjustment (F=6.17, p=.015) and maternal identity (F=6.63, p=.012) were significantly increased in the experimental group compared to those in the control group. However, the difference in postpartum depression (F=1.11, p=.335) was not statistically significant between the two groups. Conclusions: The maternal role adjustment program can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention program to enhance maternal role adjustment and maternal identity for first-time mothers.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.357-371
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• 1996

This study explores the perspective of mothers who have children at teens concerning grandparents' role and grandchildren's role, especially focusing on the similarity and difference according to lineage. The analysis indicates as below. 1. Mothers highly expect the roles of grandparents which are related to the developing of self-identity of grandchildren at teens. There is much similarity between mothers; view on paternal grandparents' role and maternal grandparents' role. However the results support that paternal grandparents' role is more central than maternal grandparents in influencing to the development of self identity of grandchildren. 2. Grandchildren's role toward paternal grandparents is expected much more positively than grandchildrens' role toward maternal grandparents. 3. Mother's perspective on grandparents' role and grandchildren's role is associated with mother's view on the importance of grandparents in the lives of grandchildren.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.139-150
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• 1989

The present study was designed to answer the following questions: 1) Is there and relationship between the adolescent's sex role identity and perceived parent behavious? 2) Is there any gender differences in perceived parent behavious? 3) Is there any interaction effect between sex role identity and gender in perceived parent behaviors? 109 male and 101 female undergraduates from the five universities in Seoul served as subjects in this investigation. Subjects were administered the Parent Behavior From (PBF) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) in counterbalanced order. A4 (sex-role identity)×2(gender) multivariate analysis of variance was performed for the perceived paternal and maternal behaviors separately. The simultaneous confidence intervals for pairwise comparison were followed when the MANOVA was significant. In testing all hypotheses, .05 was used as a significance level in this study. For the perceived paternal behavious, 1) The androgynous group, compared with the undifferentiated group, reported greater father warmth, active involvement, greater encouragement of cognitive independence, cognitive curiosity, cognitive competence, achievement control, and conformity. 2) The androgynous individuals showed higher father warmth, congitive independence, curiosity, and cognitive competence than the feminine individuals. 3) The androgynous individuals were found to have significantly higher father warmth than the masculine individuals. For the perceived maternal behaviors, there was a significant difference between gender groups in conformity. Daughters reported higher conformity than sons. The interaction effect between sex-role identity and gender, however, was not found to be significant.

• The Korean Journal of Legal Medicine
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.41-45
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• 2017

Fetal DNA (fDNA) detection in maternal serum is a challenge due to low copy number and the smaller size of fDNA fragments compared to DNA fragments derived from the mother. Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) is a useful technique for fetal genetic analysis that is able to detect and quantify small amounts of DNA. In this study, seven clinical samples of maternal serum potentially containing fDNA were analyzed with a commercial single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panel, the HID-Ion $AmpliSeq^{TM}$ Identity Panel, and the results were compared to those from previous studies. Reference profiles for mothers and fetuses were not available, but multiple Y chromosomal SNPs were detected in two samples, indicating that fDNA was present in the serum and thereby validating observations of autosomal SNPs. This suggests that SNP-based MPS can be valuable for fDNA detection, thereby offering an insight into fetal genetic status. This technology could also be used to detect small amounts of DNA in mixed DNA samples for forensic applications.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.617-629
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify and explain the essences and structures of maternal conflicts in Vietnamese married immigrant women in Korea. Methods: A phenomenological methodology was used for the study. Eleven Vietnamese married immigrant women participated in the study. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi's method. Results: Four categories, 10 clusters and 26 themes emerged from the data for the experience in maternal conflicts of Vietnamese married immigrant women. The four categories were 'An unprepared young motherhood in another culture', 'Feeling left out of the mother's place along the bands of Nap tai tradition', 'My image is like not-being able to stand alone/be independent' and 'Finding hope in motherhood despite of conflicts and stigmas'. Conclusion: Vietnamese married immigrant women experienced not only the negative aspects but also sublimation of maternal conflicts. Based on the results, health professionals need to develop effective nursing interventions toward a positive maternal identity and approach with interculturalism for the Vietnamese married immigrant women in Korea.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-20
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• 1999

This study was conducted to examine primiparas' perception of delivery experience and identity as the mother("Myself as the Mother" and "My Baby") according to delivery methods such as normal delivery and cesarean section. The result of this study summarized as follows. 1. The primiparas' perception of delivery experience according to delivery methods showed that the primipars who had normally delivered perceives the delivery experience more positively than those by cesarean section(t=4.88, p=0.000). This fact supported hypothesis 1 that "the primiparas group by normal delivery should perceive the delivery experience more positively that by cesarean section." 2. The primiparas who had delivered by cesarean section were more positive in the SD-Self score than those who had normally delivered at the time when four weeks passed after delivered, and there was a significant difference(t=-4.21, p\0.000). Therefore, hypothesis 2-1 that "the primiparas group who had normally delivered should be more positive in the SD-Self 1-2 days and 4 weeks after delivery than one who delivered by cesarean section" was rejected. 3. It was shown that the primiparas who had delivered normally were more positive in the SD-Baby 1-2 days 4 weeks after delivery than those who delivered by cesarean section(after-delivery 1-2 days : t=3.10, p=0.002 and after-delivery 4 weeks : t=2.15, p=0.034). Based on this fact, hypothesis 2-2 that "the primiparas group who had delivered normally should be more positive in the SD-Baby 1-2days and 4 weeks after delivery than those who had delivered by cesarean section"was supported. 4. Primiparas who had delivered by cesarean section appeared to have a positive identity as the mother by showing a more significant difference (t=7.96, p=0.000) 4 weeks after delivery than 1-2 days after delivery. In conclusion, we see that primiparas' perception of delivery experience and identity as the mother were different according to delivery methods. Thus, it is required to devise a nursing in tervention strategy to expand support from the health care system and opportunities to provide pre. post-delivery programs so that primiparas can have a positive perception of delivery experience and a positive identity as the mother. Based on conclusion stated above, the following suggestions are made. 1. As this study compared the perception of delivery experience and identity as the mother between prmiparas who had delivered normally and ones who had delivered by cesarean section, the further study on comparison between multiparas who had delivered normally and ones who had delivered by cesarean section is needed. 2. According to the results of this study, longitudinal study is needed to examine the difference and change in the formation of maternal identity. 3. According to the result of this study, a study is also needed to determine interaction between time for maternal identity and delivery methods.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.87-102
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• 2010

This study had a purpose to present a comprehensive grasp of the variables that influence a sense of self-identity in children of multi-cultural families. The participants were 310 elementary school children from the fourth to sixth grades and who were currently enrolled in North Jeolla Province. The results were as follows. First, no significant difference was found for a sense of self-identity according to the children's gender. But a significant difference was found according to the nationality of the mothers. Second, the boys' self-identity was affected by mother's rejection of discipline/reprimand behaviors and the girls' self-identity was affected by school satisfaction. Last, children's selfidentity was affected by the mother's nationality(Japan, China, and Philippine).