• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.696-714
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• 2017

Simple material budget models were developed to predict the spring season (March ~ May) water quality for a river-type reservoir Paldang, in the Republic of Korea. These models are available at mixed water bodies whose light intensity is negligible at the bottom. The calculated data from the models fit quite well with field data collected for 30 years, from 1988 to 2017. The apparent settling velocity of total phosphorus was estimated to be $110m\;d^{-1}$. The critical hydraulic load that determines the usability of phosphorus for algal production appeared to be about $2.0m\;d^{-1}$. When a hydraulic load was larger than the critical value, the concentrations of chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ ($Chl.{\alpha}$), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand BOD in the reservoir water became insensitive to internal algal reactions. The model analysis showed that the allochthonous COD continued to increase while the allochthonous BOD slightly decreased after 1999. The decrease of allochthonous BOD is due to the expansion of sewage and wastewater treatment plants in the watershed. The increase of allochthonous COD seems to result from the increase in anthropogenic non-point sources as well as the increase in the discharge of natural organic matters due to climate change. Organic matter of algal origin continued to increase until the mid-2000s, but recently it has decreased as the phosphorus concentration has decreased. The COD and BOD of algal origin increased from 35 % and 27 % during 1988 ~ 1994 to 43 % and 40 % during 2000 ~ 2010, respectively, and then decreased to 25 % and 28 % during 2011 ~ 2017.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.248-254
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• 2009

Budgets of fresh water, salt, DIP and DIN in the Youngsan river estuary were estimated seasonally in order to clarify the characteristics of material cycling and flux of nutrients with a simple box model. Inflow volumes of freshwater into system was approximately $36.481{\times}10^6{\sim}663.634{\times}10^6m^3/month$ and existing water mass of freshwater in system calculated by salt budget was approximately $2.515{\times}10^6{\sim}5.812{\times}10^6m^3$. Mean residence time of freshwater was calculated to be about 0.26~2.03 day. water exchange $1,248{\times}10^6{\sim}9,489{\times}10^6m^3/month$ assumed with salinity between estuary and adjacent ocean. Inflow mass of DIN and DIN were approximately 76.63~1,149.91 ton/month and 2.91~61.22 ton/month, respectively. Residence times of DIP and DIN were calculated to be 0.45~1.10 day and 0.28~1.92 day, respectively. The ratio of water residence time versus DIP, DIN residence time was calculated that freshwater residence time was longer than DIP, DIN residence time except for summer season. Thus, We assume that circulation of Nutrients in the system will happen rapidly except for summer season. Specially DIP in Winter could assume to outer input source existence because of seawater inflow in system and high DIP concentration in open sea.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2000

Recently, due to the primary emphasis of health industry and to the restriction of budget, setting the priorities for effective and efficient investment on the medical device and material products has been one of the critical issues in the government sector. This paper shows how an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model can be used for assessing selected medical device and material products for grant of the Ministry of Health & Welfare. The final results show that unabsorbable suture is the most attractive medical device product among 88 evaluated products, followed by IV cannula, central venous catheter.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 2011

The budgets of fresh water, salt and nutrients were estimated in order to clarify the characteristics of material cycle in the Gamak Bay in 2006 with Simple Box budget Model. Outflow volume of freshwater into system was approximately $-174.2{\sim}72.5{\times}10^3m^3/day$. Inflow masses of DIP and DIN were approximately 397.0~1158 mole/day and 1750~8328 mole/day, respectively. The Source or sink of DIP was under the control of the variation of fresh water budget in the system. the mass balance and NEM was largely determined by flushing time of material.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2001

School food service must be operated as the part of the education. But it seems that it is not to be considered as an important educational field from the perspective of educational administration. This study was conducted to suggest the effective plan to improve the quality of the school food service system. Questionaries were distributed to 51 administrators and 85 dieticians of primary schools in Incheon area from Aug 7th to Aug 31st 2000. Drawbacks of school food service system cited from the survey results were insufficient support from the authorities both in policy and in budget and shortage of specialists for food service administration. Both dieticians and administrators acknowledged that available facilities required for the school food service were insufficient. 85.9% of dietition and 51.0% of administrators thought dietition of school food service to be suitable for nutrition education. For effective nutrition education, they suggest to have teachers taking in charge of nutrition education, to have teaching system related with school food service and to develope visual auditorial teaching material. For improvement of the quality of school food service, it is necessary to acquire sufficient budget and political support from the government and to have specialists for food service administration. And regulations promoting dieticians to be teachers of nutrition education is required to be introduced in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2024

The size of semiconductor devices has been scaled down to improve packing density and output performance. However, there is uncontrollable spreading of the dopants that comprise the well, punch-stop, and channel-stop when using high-temperature annealing processes, such as rapid thermal annealing (RTA). In this context, low-temperature deuterium annealing (LTDA) performed at a low temperature of 300℃ is proposed to reduce the thermal budget during CMOS fabrication. The LTDA effectively eliminates the interface trap in the gate dielectric layer, thereby improving the electrical characteristics of devices, such as threshold voltage (V_TH), subthreshold swing (SS), on-state current (I_ON), and off-state current (I_OFF). Moreover, the LTDA is perfectly compatible with CMOS processes.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.121-131
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• 2012

The social welfare service is expanding to different field as the social welfare budget is increasing. By this opportunity, it needs to make clear of the basis of argument that the necessity of development of Korean government's support and aid by social policy should be worked. This research dealt with the national economic effect in relation to welfare for the disabled in terms of welfare economics. Budget spending for the achievement of welfare for the disabled makes an enterprise or a person spend money continually either in a direct or indirect way. This study shows by the use of analysing the related production effects, as an economical influence of welfare for the disabled budget assuming by means of measuring. The results are analyzed that the production of one trillion and three hundred billon won is annually caused and 8,015.9 hundred million won of the direct and indirect added value is caused by the welfare of the disabled budget expenditure of three local governments of capital area. And it is also assumed it creates employment cause personnel (17.673.2 person) and job cause members (26.825.2). The result of the study anticipates the role of basic research material for the necessity of intervention, support, and aid by the government and local government revised policy for the disabled welfare field at this point in time where the welfare budget policy in terms of universal social service is reinforced, rather than the trend, until recently, of realizing the social welfare budget as consumption expenditure and the function of performing the effect and evaluation in tentative action of social conflict.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.33-58
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to explore the structure of local government social welfare finance and tendency of changing structure and what affects the change. We select GuRoGu budget from 2000 to 2007 as one of local governments in Korea to perform the study goal. After we analyzed the contents of the budget, we have developed the framework of analysis for reclassifying local government welfare budget. First of all, we find utility of the framework of analysis which classify local government social welfare budget as target groups, properties, and the source of the finance. Secondly, the structure of local government welfare finance has changed for 8 years. The rate of finance for direct service has risen more than that for indirect service, and the rate of finance providing material(or service) type has risen more than that of providing monetary type. The rate of the finance from central government has grown up rapidly, whereas that from local government has fallen off. The hypotheses that the rate of financial self-reliance and the increase rate of social welfare expenditure to the previous year play a significant role to the rate of social welfare expenditure are not clear in our study. But we find the central government's effects to the local government welfare budget has grown up. So, we propose if we analyze the hypothesis of incrementalism, we must divide the effects of the previous year expenditure from the effects of central government's policy.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.256-260
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• 2004

As a large portion of defence budget are alloted for military facility construction, reasonable budget estimation in the planning stage has been officers' main concerns. However the proper estimation of construction cost is difficult to be carried out due to the absence of systematic criteria. To improve the budget estimation for military facility construction, this study proposes a cost index model which can convert historical cost to current cost. Thus the developed cost index would enhance effectiveness of budget estimation process 3nd support reasonable decision making. This cost index model is developed by analyzing historical cost data with statistical methodology The study is executed by following process. First, factors which affect construction cost for the most are selected by analyzing historical cost data. second, the selected factors are categorized material cost, labor cost and equipment cost, and weights of those factors are calculated by dividing the cost of each factor by total item costs. Last, cost index is developed by using weighted average method.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.476-478
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• 2003

Capability of material fixation in forest was noticed since COP3, but now it was difficult to understand material fixation in wide area. In this study, we attempted to estimate and test the amount of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus fixed by forest from satellite images. First, we classified into tree species and estimated the number of trees in the forest by species, area, and digital numbers. We inspected to apply it in wide area. Next, we compared the amount of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus with NDVI and each band of satellite images.