• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2004

Objectives : This cross-sectional study aimed to quantify the relationship between the bone mineral density at the os calcis and the body mass composition in healthy children. Methods : The areal bone mineral density was measured at the os calcis with peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. The fat free mass, fat mass and percentage fat mass were measured using bioelectric impedance, in 237 Korean children, aged 9 to 12 years. The sexual maturity was determined by self assessment, using standardized series of the 5 Tanner stage drawings, accompanied by explanatory text. Results : From multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sexual maturity and height, the fat free mass was found to be the best predictor of the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. About 15 and 20% variabilities were found in the calcaneal bone mineral densities of the boys and girls, respectively, which can be explained by the fat free mass. After weight adjustment, the percentage fat mass was negatively associated with the calcaneal bone mineral density in both sexes. Conclusions : The findings of this study suggest that the fat free mass, among the body compositions, is the major determinant of bone mineral density at the os calcis in Korean children aged 9 to 12 years. Obesity, defined as the percentage fat mass, is assumed to have a negative effect on the calcaneal bone density in children of the same weight.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.93-101
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• 1999

The aim of this study was to investigate influence of body build on body composition, energy metabolic state and insulin concentration of blood. 29 male athletes and 36 male non-athletic students were recruited for the study. Anthropometry including chest depth and breadth, fat mass, fat fee mass, tricep skinfold thickness were measured. fasting glucose, lactate, triglyceride, fee fatty acid, and insulin concentration in serum were measured . Body build was assessed using metric index, which calculated by regression equations of Mohr and Greil. The athletic and non-athletic students were allocated to 3 body build, that is leptomorph, mesomorph, and pyknomorph. Resting metabolic rate was calculated. Respiratory quotient was determined through ratio of measured VO$_2$, and V$CO_2$. Most non-athletes have a leptomorphic body build, in contrast to athletes mesomorphic type. The body build type influenced body composition differently between non-athletic group and athletic group. Weight, body mass index, body fat mass and fat mass proportion (%), and fat-free mass increased from leptomorph to pyknormorph in non-athletic group. Pyknormorphic athletes have a significant higher body mass index, fat mass, fat free mass than other body build type. Serum glucose, triglyceride, lactate, insulin showed significant differences only in non-athletic group between leptomorph and mesomorph. RMR increased significantly from leptomorph to mesomorph in non-athletes. There was no significant difference of RQ among 3 body build types in both athletes and non-athletes. This study gives a coherent data on body build and body composition for athletes and non-athletes students. The influence of body builds on energy metabolic status of serum was different between athletes and non-athletes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2009

Purpose: The pathophysiology of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is that the sternoclavicularmastoid (SCM) is shortened on the involved side by fibrosis, leading to an ipsilateral tilt and contralateral rotation of the face and chin. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of physical therapy and develop a mass diameter prediction model for infants with CMT. Methods: Fifty six patients were diagnosed with CMT between April 2003 and December 2008. Infants with neurological complications, and spasmodic and ocular torticollis were excluded. Physical therapy was applied to those masses in the SCM muscles of those infants after checking their physical findings and the diameter of the mass with ultrasonography. Their physical findings and mass diameter was reevaluated when their neck tilt was under $5^{\circ}$. Results: The mean age when physical therapy was started was 35 days. After a mean 90 days of treatment, the subjects showed improvement in the neck tilt. Subjects whose neck tilted above $15^{\circ}$ showed significant improvement in neck tilt decreased their mass diameter (p<0.01). Facial symmetric infants showed a shorter recovery duration than the facial asymmetric infants (p<0.05). A mass decreasing model based on the diameter of the mass, facial symmetry or not and the physical therapy start day after birth was developed by linear regression. Conclusion: Physical therapy is an effective treatment for CMT. The change in the diameter of the mass on the SCM muscles after treatment can be predicted.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.126-136
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• 2016

Due to poor nutrition and abnormal energy metabolism, cancer patients typically experience the loss of muscle mass. Although the diabetic conditions or dyslipidemia have been reported as a causal link of cancer but the consequence of such conditions in relation to gain or loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of lean body mass and systemic parameters related to lipid metabolism in non-diabetic cancer patients using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2008-2011. As results the level of serum total cholesterol (total-C) was negatively associated with both total lean body mass and appendicular lean body mass in cancer patients after adjustment for sex, physical activity, energy intake and comorbidity. The associations between consumption of dietary factors (energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat) and lean body mass were disappeared after adjusting comorbidities of cancer patients. Multivariate-adjusted linear regression analysis by quartiles of serum total-C showed that higher quartile group of total-C had significantly lower percent of lean body mass than reference group in cancer patients. The data indicate that serum lipid status can be the potential estimate of loss of skeletal muscle mass in cancer patients and be referenced in nutrition care of cancer patients under the onset of cachexia or parenteral/enteral nutrition. This data need to be confirmed with large pool of subjects and should be specified by stage of cancer or the site of cancer in future studies.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.40.1-40.10
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• 2023

Background: Efforts for the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in workers have been actively pursued. Obesity is one of the important risk factors related to CVDs. Obesity has various metabolic characteristics, and some individuals can be metabolically healthy. Body composition including skeletal muscle mass is known to have protective effect in obesity. The study aims to investigate the association between skeletal muscle mass and Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) CVD risk among obese male manufacturing workers in Korea and to identify appropriate indicators of skeletal muscle mass for predicting risk of CVDs. Methods: The study was conducted on 2,007 obese male workers at a manufacturing industry aged more than 19 years. Skeletal muscle mass, skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle mass percent (SMM%) and skeletal muscle to body fat ratio (MFR) were used to evaluate body composition and these indicators were divided into quartiles. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the KOSHA CVD risk groups according to quartiles of skeletal muscle mass indicators were estimated using ordinal logistic regression analysis. Results: The OR for the KOSHA CVD risk groups in the highest quartile of SMI was 1.67 (95% CI: 1.42-1.92), while the ORs for the KOSHA CVD risk groups in the highest quartiles of SMM%, SMM/body mass index (BMI), and MFR were 0.47 (95% CI: 0.22-0.72), 0.51 (95% CI: 0.05-0.76), and 0.48 (95% CI: 0.23-0.74), respectively. Conclusions: We found that high SMI increase the likelihood of high risk of CVDs, while high SMM%, SMM/BMI, and MFR lower the likelihood of high risk of CVDs. Accurate evaluation of skeletal muscle mass can help assess the cardiovascular risk in obese male workers.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1969

Relationships between red ceil volume $(^{51}Cr-cell)$, total blood volume (red cell volume divided by hematocrit ratio), and extracellular fluid volume (SCN distribution space) and body weight (ranging between 73 and 384 grams) or lean body mass were studied in 59 nembutalized rats. Lean body mass was determined by means of underwater weighing method on rats clipped and eviscerated. There were positive correlations between body weight or lean body mass and the absolute values (in milliliters) of body fluid volumes. Body fluid volumes expressed on the body weight or lean body mass basis, however, showed negative correlations between body weight (grams) or lean body weight (grams) with one exception. Red cell volume expressed as % lean body mass showed a positive correlation with lean body mass. The other results are summarized as follows: 1. Body density of rats was 1.0561 $(range:\;1.0123{\sim}1.0781)$ and 19.8% body weight of total body fat was obtained. The mean value of lean body mass was 80.2% body weight 2. The correlation between body weight and lean body mass was high, namely, coefficient of correlation was r=.99. 3. The correlation between the absolute value of red cell volume (ml) and body weight showed a high correlation, namely, r= 92 and between the lean body mass coefficient of correlation was r=.93. On a weight basis, red cell volume was 2.67 ml/100 gm body weight or 3.48 ml/100 gm lean body mass. The coefficient of correlation between body weight (grams) and red cell volume (% body weight) was r=-. 30. The coefficient of correlation between lean body mass (grams) and red cell volume (% lean body mass) was r=. 50. Thus, the following regression equation was obtained. Red cell volume (% lean body mass)=. 00243 Lean body mass (gm)+3. 12. 4. Total blood volume was 6.06% body weight or 7.83% lean body mass. The correlation between these blood volume values and body weight or lean body mass were negative, namely, r= -.43 and r=-.42 respectively. 5. Extracellular volume (SCN space) was 30.0% body weight or 37.2% lean body mass. These percentage values showed negative correlations between body weight or lean body mass and coefficients of correlation were r=-.40 and r=-.54 respectively. 6. The rate of increase in body weight or lean body mass is accompanied by a smaller rate of increase in blood volume and extracellular fluid volume. The rate of increase in red ceil volume paralled that of lean body mass.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2018

The study examines economic and environmental impacts of mass tourism on regional tourism destinations, particularly the establishment of "Ten New Bali", in Indonesia. The sample is restricted to the period of time in which annual data is available and comparable among variables from 1980 to 2015 (36 observations). All of the time series data was collected and retrieved from the World Development Indicator database published by the World Bank. This study applies cointegrating regression analysis using the fully modified OLS, canonical cointegrating regression, and dynamic OLS. The results of the study suggest that 1) there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between tourism receipts, environmental degradation and economic growth in Indonesia, 2) tourism growth and agriculture land growth are positively related to an increase of total output in the short-run in Indonesia, and 3) arable land is significant at the 0.01 level, but forest rents and CO2 from transport are not significant in the short-run in Indonesia. The results confirm that arable land is negatively related to an increase of total output in Indonesia. That is, when tourism growth in the economy is getting realized it shows that the environmental degradation increases greatly in inverse in the model, eventually negative impacts to the environment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2004

This study was carried out to identify dietary risk factors for childhood obesity. The study subjects were male children, aged 2-6years, who were enrolled in nursery schools and kindergartens. We obtained anthropometric measurements from 949 boys and dietary questionnaires from 253 boys. The subjects were classified into two groups using the BMI criteria, normal (n=200) group with the BMI below 85th percentile and the obese group with the BMI at 85th percentile and above (n=53). The logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratios (OR) for obesity were, birth weight greater than 4.0㎏ (3.27) , increased meal speed (4.98) , the frequency of overeating more than twice a week (2.63), the consumption of cooked rice more than one bowl per meal (2.77), the consumption of milk and dairy products less than 5 times a week (2.81), and increased maternal meal speed (1.98). Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the variables which contribute to obesity significantly were birth weight greater than 4.0 ㎏ (OR 5.19), the frequency of overeating more than twice a week (OR 2.51) , the consumption of cooked rice more than one bowl per meal (OR 2.74), and the consumption of milk and dairy products less than 5 times a week (OR 4.43) (p＜0.0001) . The results of this study indicate that dietary habits of both children and of their mothers as well as child's birth weight are important variables that contribute to childhood obesity. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 123-131, 2004)

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.145-155
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• 2017

Objectives : To investigate the factors affecting bone mineral density in across stratified postmenopausal ages. Methods : Data from 1,698 subjects who completed the 2010-2011 National Health and Nutrition Survey were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 21.0 The $x^2$ test and one way (ANOVA) were used to verify the relationship between general characteristics and health behaviors and the prevalence of osteoporosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify the factors Influencing bone mineral density. Results : The bone mineral density distribution was the highest among those with osteopenia, with proportions of 21.8% in healthy subjects, 58.1% in osteopenia, and 20.0% in those with osteoporosis. The distribution of osteoporosis by age group was 5.2% among subjects in their 50s, 15.4% among those in their 60s, and 42.4% among those in their 70s. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the prevalence of osteoporosis according to ages was significantly correlated with age, educational level, body mass index(BMI), and parity 4 of more than 1-2 babies. Conclusions : Although age is an uncontrollable factor in the prevention of osteoporosis, educational level and BMI are correctable factors to maintain bone mineral density. There is a need to maintain healthy BMI and expand osteoporosis prevention education.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.567-576
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• 2020

Purpose: Not enough attention has been paid to defecation habits in Japan. This study aimed to emphasize the importance of defecation habits on health and function in Japanese pupils. Methods: Using multiple regression analysis, 2,722 questionnaires obtained from pupils in grades 5 to 12 were analyzed to determine lifestyle habits associated with defecation frequency. Results: Significant regression formulae for defecation scores were obtained for all school types: elementary school (ES) (adjusted R²=0.08, p<0.001), junior high school (JHS) (0.09, p<0.001), and senior high school (SHS) (0.15, p<0.001). The following factors were associated with poorer defecation scores, according to school type: female gender (all 3 school types), breakfast skipping (elementary and JHSs), lower physical activity (JHSs and SHSs), and longer school-day screen time (elementary and SHSs). In addition, poorer self-reported academic performance scores in ES, less standardized body mass index (BMI) in JHS, and shorter non-school- day screen time scores in SHS, were associated with poorer defecation scores. Conclusion: Poor defecation frequency showed significant associations with various lifestyle habits, such as breakfast skipping, physical activity, and screen time, among pupils. Academic performance and standardized BMI were also associated with defecation frequency. More attention should be paid to defecation frequency to sustain health and function in pupils.