• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.161-177
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• 2004

Objective : There have been many programs to treat childhood obesity, since childhood obesity has shown up as a social problem. The purpose of this study was to find out considerable matters to manage Childhood Obesity Treatment Program (COTP). Methods : This study was made with reference to clinical progress notes of children with obesity, visiting the oriental medicine center, to take COTP from July 30th, 2003 to August 25th, 2004. COTP was consist of abdominal aroma massage, abdominal low frequency acupuncture therapy, auricular acupuncture therapy and behavior modification. Results : 1. Seven children who taken COTP started fat from young age and three started from about ten-year-old ages. 2. Six children have fat fathers, a child has fat parents and three children have no fat family member. 3. The obesity levels of Obesity Index(OI), Body Mass Index(BMI) and Rohler Index(RI) were different, used for evaluating the result of treatment, though they are used for a child. The result of OI reflected more sensitive from changes of weight than those of BMI and RI. 4. We got the better results with numbers of treatment and exercise. Conclusions : More correct standard are needed to estimate degree childhood obesity. And it is necessary to carry out obesity treatment program with behavior modification, for children with obesity. to be healthy adults.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.148-156
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• 2002

The coastline of Hampyung Bay, southwestern coast of Korea, was examined and measured in the field for the understanding of geomorphic changes and sea-cliff erosion processes. The Hampyung-Bay coastline is characterized by steep-face slope and soft soil and/or intensively weathered rock composition. Saw teeth-shaped coastline, and relict weathered basement-rock and "Island Stack" exposed on the beach surface are peculiar geomorphic features indicating active sea-cliff erosion. The coastline in the study area is continuously retreating with the following cyclic process: erosion of cliff base, gravitational landslide or mass wasting, formation of talus, and then erosion and removal of talus. In this study, sea-level rise during summer in the west coast of Korea is suggested as one of the key factors fur the removal of soil taluses and, thereby, accelerating sea-cliff erosion.f erosion.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2018

Background: Ginseng contains many small metabolites such as amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and ginsenosides. However, little is known about the relationships between microorganisms and metabolites during the entire ginseng fermentation process. We investigated metabolic changes during ginseng fermentation according to the inoculation of food-compatible microorganisms. Methods: Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) datasets coupled with the multivariate statistical method for the purpose of latent-information extraction and sample classification were used for the evaluation of ginseng fermentation. Four different starter cultures (Saccharomyces bayanus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroide) were used for the ginseng extract fermentation. Results: The principal component analysis score plot and heat map showed a clear separation between ginseng extracts fermented with S. bayanus and other strains. The highest levels of fructose, maltose, and galactose in the ginseng extracts were found in ginseng extracts fermented with B. subtilis. The levels of succinic acid and malic acid in the ginseng extract fermented with S. bayanus as well as the levels of lactic acid, malonic acid, and hydroxypruvic acid in the ginseng extract fermented with lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum and L. mesenteroide) were the highest. In the results of taste features analysis using an electronic tongue, the ginseng extracts fermented with lactic acid bacteria were significantly distinguished from other groups by a high index of sour taste probably due to high lactic acid contents. Conclusion: These results suggest that a metabolomics approach based on GC-MS can be a useful tool to understand ginseng fermentation and evaluate the fermentative characteristics of starter cultures.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.456-464
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• 2016

A new combat uniform is improved for added combat safety with various functions such as survivability, battle conformity and a camouflage performance system. Camouflage performance is an important factor in terms of combat survivability since it makes identification difficult and provide security. The combat uniform is worn under extreme conditions (exposure to ultraviolet light, sweat and friction) and an excellent color fastness to repeated washing is required. In this study, we investigated the color management, durability and discoloration of new combat uniform fabric with a digital pattern for camouflage performance to provide preliminary color management data. We examined color differences between standard fabric and mass-produced combat uniform fabrics, color differences between each military supply contract firm and color changes in combat uniforms after 60 washing cycles. The slight color differences between standard fabric and mass-produced combat uniform fabrics were tolerable under quality criteria of Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense. However, the differences between the military supply contract firms were recognizable to the naked eye and increased with repeated washing. Continuous research on color fastness under repeated washing and color management is required to standardize reliability from each military supply contract firm for the daytime performance of a combat uniform's camouflage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.130-130
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• 2017

Sorghum bicolor is considered as copper-tolerant species. The present study was conducted to understand the copper tolerance mechanism in Sorghum seedling roots. Morphological and effects of Cu on other interacting ions were observed prominently in the roots when the plants were subjected to different concentrations (0, 50, and $100{\mu}M$) of $CuSO_4$. However, the morphological characteristics were reduced by Cu stress, and the most significant growth inhibition was observed in plants treated with the highest concentration of $Cu^{2+}$ ions ($100{\mu}M$). In the proteome analysis, high-throughput two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry was performed to explore the molecular responses of Cu-induced sorghum seedling roots. In two-dimensional silver-stained gels, a total of 422 differentially expressed proteins (${\geq}1.5-fold$) were identified using Progenesis SameSpot software. A total of 21 protein spots (${\geq}1.5-fold$) from Cu-induced sorghum roots were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Of the 21 differentially expressed protein spots from Cu-induced sorghum roots, a total of 10 proteins were up-regulated, and 11 proteins were down-regulated. The abundance of the most identified protein species from the roots that function in stress response and metabolism was significantly enhanced, while protein species involved in transcription and regulation were severely reduced. The results obtained from the present study may provide insights into the tolerance mechanism of seedling roots in Sorghum.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 1995

The development of pale chub oocyte from the immature oogonium to mature oocyte was investigated by light and electron microscope. The cytoplasm of pale chub oogonia was acidic and many vesicles were located at inner side of nuclear membrane. In primary oocytes, yolk vesicles were distributed in cytoplasm. Also, fibrous materials and protuberances were distributed on the surface of zona radiata. The nucleus of secondary oocyte was enlarged and yolk vesicles in cytoplasm migrated to zona radiata. In early egg, yolk mass are formed and yolk vesicles were located at inner side of zona radiata. Three-layered zona radiata was about $3{\mu}m$ in thickness. The three layers were an outer fibrous material layer, a middle nurse cell layer in which microvilli of early egg cytoplasm contact with processes of nurse cells, and an inner layer with high electron density. In mature egg, euchromatin and a germinal vesicle were developed, mitochondria, free ribosomes, and yolk mass were distributed in cytoplasm. But, yolk vesicles were disappeared. Specially, zona radiata of matured eggs were better thin than the one of immature eggs In conclusion, it is summerized that the oogenesis of pale chub were the increase of cell size, the formation and accumulation of yolk, the decrease in nucleat electron density, changes of zona radiata, and the development of microvilli.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.167-175
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• 2011

Objective: This study was designed to describe the trends in body mass index (BMI) during 6 years (2002-2008) and to identify associations between these trends and the amount of physical activity of South Korean career soldiers. Method: This study targeted the 40 993 (38 857 men and 2136 women) of the 58 657 career soldiers who had undergone four (2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008) biennial medical examinations conducted by the National Health Insurance Corporation; 17 664 soldiers with missing data on height, weight, and physical activity were excluded. A linear mixedregression model was used to categorize changes in BMI due to age versus those due to amount of physical activity. Results: Career soldiers experienced significant increases in BMI compared with baseline data gathered in 2002. The increases in each age group were as follows: men aged 20-29: 1.16, men aged 30-39: 0.61, men aged 40-49: 0.05, women aged 20-29: 0.35, women aged 30-39: 0.30, women aged 40 -49: 0.26, and women aged 50-59: 0.21. However, men aged 50 or older showed significant decreases (as high as 0.5) in BMI compared with baseline data obtained in 2002. They also experienced significant decreases in BMI compared with those who reported no physical activity. The differences between baseline and final BMIs were: 0.02 for men exercising 1-2 times per week, -0.07 for men exercising 3-4 times per week, -0.19 for men exercising 5-6 times per week, -0.21 for men exercising seven times per week, -0.05 for women exercising 1-2 times per week, -0.19 for women exercising 3-4 times per week, -0.30 for women exercising 5-6 times per week, and -0.30 for women exercising seven times per week. Conclusions: Obesity in South Korean career soldiers increased markedly between 2002 and 2008, and our data showed that the amount of physical activity was inversely related to increases in BMI. Policies to prevent obesity are needed to reduce this trend.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.470-475
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• 2013

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental factor that leads to acute and chronic reactions in the human skin. UV exposure induces wrinkle formation, DNA damage, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most mechanistic studies of skin physiology and pharmacology related with UV-irradiated skin have focused on proteins and their related gene expression or single-targeted small molecules. The present study identified and analyzed the alteration of skin metabolites following UVB irradiation and topical retinyl palmitate (RP, 5%) treatment in hairless mice using direct analysis in real time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) with multivariate analysis. Under the negative ion mode, the DART ion source successfully ionized various fatty acids including palmitoleic and linolenic acid. From DART-TOF-MS fingerprints measured in positive mode, the prominent dehydrated ion peak (m/z: 369, M+H-$H_2O$) of cholesterol was characterized in all three groups. In positive mode, the discrimination among three groups was much clearer than that in negative mode by using multivariate analysis of orthogonal partial-least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). DART-TOF-MS can ionize various small organic molecules in living tissues and is an efficient alternative analytical tool for acquiring full chemical fingerprints from living tissues without requiring sample preparation. DART-MS measurement of skin tissue with multivariate analysis proved to be a powerful method to discriminate between experimental groups and to find biomarkers for various experiment models in skin dermatological research.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.204-215
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• 2018

Background: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the effect of metformin on weight loss was assessed to determine whether metformin should be recommended for the prevention or treatment of weight gain in patients receiving antipsychotic medication for the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for all published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to June 2018. In addition, the references of relevant articles were also examined. Using Review Manager 5, the pooled estimates of the weighted mean difference (WMD) of the changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI) and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: The meta-analysis included 15 RCTs. The pooled analysis showed that compared with placebo, metformin led to significant reductions in body weight (WMD: -2.09, 95% CI: -2.59, -1.60; p<0.00001) and BMI (WMD: -0.90, 95% CI: -1.08, -0.72; p<0.00001). The effect of metformin on weight loss was greater in patients receiving olanzapine than in patients receiving clozapine (body weight, WMD: -2.39, 95% CI: -3.76, -1.02; p=0.0006 for olanzapine; -1.99, 95% C: -3.47, -0.51; p=0.009 for clozapine; BMI, WMD: -1.15, 95% CI: -1.74, -0.57, p=0.0001 for olanzapine; WMD: 0.76, 95% CI: -1.23, -0.28; p=0.002 for clozapine). Conclusion: Metformin can be recommended to manage olanzapine-induced weight gain in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. The magnitude of the reductionss in body weight and BMI implieds that the use of metformin to attenuate olanzapine-induced weight gain can minimize the risk of coronary heart disease.

• Transactions of the KSME C: Technology and Education
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.205-210
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• 2013

In this research, we have developed a ski-simulation system based on a physics-based simulation model using Newton's second law of motion. Key parameters of the model, which estimates skier's trajectory, speed and acceleration change due to skier's control on ski plate and posture changes, were derived from a field test study performed on real ski slope. Skier's posture and motion were measured by motion capture system composed of 13 high speed IR camera, and skier's control and pressure distribution on ski plate were measured by acceleration and pressure sensors attached on ski plate and ski boots. Developed ski-simulation model analyzes user's full body and center of mass using a depth camera(Microsoft Kinect) device in real time and provides feedback about force, velocity and acceleration for user. As a result, through the development of interactive ski-simulation motion recognition system, we accumulated experience and skills based on physics models for development of sports simulator.