• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1042-1049
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• 2000

Irradiation-induced volatile flavor compounds in irradiated (1, 3, 5, 10 kGy) beef were analyzed by liquid liquid continuous extraction (LLCE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. One hundred fifty volatile compounds were detected in irradiated beef. These compounds were composed mainly of 71 hydrocarbons, 35 aromatic compounds, 15 aldehydes, 7 ketones, 4 acids, 6 esters and 12 miscellaneous compounds. Among these, only 6 volatile compounds including (E) -2-hexenal, nonene, 2-nonenal, cyclodecene, dodecene and cyclododecene were detected as irradiation-induced volatile flavor compounds, comparing with unirradiated beef meat. However, 4 volatile compounds, such as cyclodecene (r=0.88), (E)-2-hexenal (r=0.85), nonene (r=0.74) and 2-nonenal (r=0.70), having a positive correlation coefficient with the increment of irradiation dose, were considered as marker compounds for detecting irradiation dosages in irradiated beef.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.249-261
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• 2014

This study aims to examine production technique of white wares from the Guyre-2ri 1st and 2nd kiln sites, Wonju, Gangwon Province and characteristics of the used materials, and to find a correlation among materials of the excavated white wares. X-ray fluorescence sequential spectroscopy(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Dilatometer and Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), Inductively coupled plasma automic emission spectrometer(ICP-AES) were applied to determine the chemical composition, crystalline phase of samples, firing temperatures, trace elements and rare earth elements. White wares from the Guyre-2ri kiln sites contained high contents of coloring oxides and fluxes. Though firing temperature of each sample was different, they were mostly fired at a temperature below $1200^{\circ}C$ and some of them experienced a low temperature of $1000^{\circ}C{\pm}20^{\circ}C$ and a high temperature above $1200^{\circ}C$. When analyzing body crystalline phases of the white wares using the XRD method, quartz and mullite were extracted from all the samples, and the proportions were similar to each other. When analyzing the excavated white wares using the Seger formula, also, all the samples showed similar clay sources and production techniques. Moreover, the white wares were made of host rocks of the same geological origin, according to the result of rare earth elements analysis.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.51-59
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• 2017

Lacquer has been used as a natural paint or adhesive in Korea since 2nd century B.C. It has been found to have been used as an adhesive as mentioned in old records and as seen in excavated relics, It was also mixed with flour, animal glue, or fish glue to produce lacquer adhesives. Qualitative analysis and evaluation of the applicability of lacquer and additives was performed in this study. The results of EGA analysis for lacquer additives confirmed that the pyrolysis temperature of lacquer, glucose glue, and animal glue. On the basis of this result, raw lacquer sample was checked that pyrolysis product that originated from urushiol side chain (R group). Components originating from glucose and amino acid were detected in glutinous rice paste and animal glue samples. In this study, the optimum pyrolysis temperature for each lacquer and additive mixture was determined from basic qualitative analysis data. By performing the qualitative analysis of each mixture, the applicability of this technique for analyzing real relics was evaluated.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

The roots of Brassica rapa ssp. were extracted with 95% aqueous ethanol and the concentrated extracts were partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butyl alcohol and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, five flavonoids were isolated through repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatography (c.c.). Based on NMR, mass spectrometry (MS) and IR spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined to be licochalcone A (1), 4,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone (2), liquirtigenin (3), liquiritin (4), and isoliquiritin (5). This is the first report of these compounds isolated from the root of this plant.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.355-360
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• 1997

In order to investigate the influence of photosensitized oxidation in the sun-dried irish moss (Chondrus Ocellatus), laver (Porphyra Yezoensis) and ultra violet irradiated oyster (Crassostrea gigas) the oxidation of lipid and isomers of hydroperoxides were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The lipid contents of oyster, irish moss and layer were $2.7\%,\;0.1\%,\;0.1\%$ of respectively. Peroxide value, 56,7 meq/kg in the raw oyster was increased of 100.9 meq/kg by the U.V, irradiation for 4 hours. Also the peroxide values of the irish moss and laver were increased by the sun-drying. In the identification of hydroperoxides isomers by trimethylsily (TMS) derivative of photo-oxidized lipid from oyster, irish moss and laver, the proportions of positional isomer, 9-OOH and 13-OOH were dominant than those 10-OOH and 12-OOH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.236-242
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• 2005

To develop a new detection method using irradiation-induced volatile marker compounds of red pepper powder (RP), the volatile compounds of irradiated RP (0, 1, 3, 5, and 10 kGy) were analyzed by purge and trap (P&T)/solid phase microextraction (SPME)/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods. A total of 51 and 31 compounds were detected in IRP by SPME and P&T methods, respectively. Among these, 25 compounds, which were composed of 4 hydrocarbons, 7 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 3 alcohols, 4 aromatic compounds, 2 esters and 4 miscellaneous compounds, showed irradiation dependent manner with significant positive correlation (p<0.01 or p<0.05) between irradiation dose and relative concentration. However, all compounds except 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene were not suitable as marker compounds because of their low determination coefficients ($R^2$<0.80) between irradiation dose and their concentrations, and detectablilty in nonirradiated sample. Therefore, only one compound, 1,3-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)benzene, was tentatively identified as a volatile marker compound to detect irradiated RP.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2017

Background: Various Panax ginseng cultivars exhibit a range of diversity for morphological and physiological traits. However, there are few studies on diversity of metabolic profiles and genetic background to understand the complex metabolic pathway in ginseng. Methods: To understand the complex metabolic pathway and related genes in ginseng, we tried to conduct integrated analysis of primary metabolite profiles and related gene expression using five ginseng cultivars showing different morphology. We investigated primary metabolite profiles via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed transcriptomes by Illumina sequencing using adventitious roots grown under the same conditions to elucidate the differences in metabolism underlying such genetic diversity. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that primary metabolite profiling allowed us to classify the five cultivars into three independent groups and the grouping was also explained by eight major primary metabolites as biomarkers. We selected three cultivars (Chunpoong, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang) to represent each group and analyzed their transcriptomes. We inspected 100 unigenes involved in seven primary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and found that 21 unigenes encoding 15 enzymes were differentially expressed among the three cultivars. Integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed that the ginseng cultivars differ in primary metabolites as well as in the putative genes involved in the complex process of primary metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Our data derived from this integrated analysis provide insights into the underlying complexity of genes and metabolites that co-regulate flux through these pathways in ginseng.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.296-303
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• 2005

The co-pyrolysis characteristics of polyvinylchloride (PVC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) mixtures with various mixing ratios and effect of addition of CaO and $Cu_2O$ have been studied using thermogravimetry (TG) and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In an isothermal decomposition conducted at $500^{\circ}C$, the yields of styrene monomers and aromatic compounds increased as the mixing ratio of ABS increased, and the yield of BTX compounds reached its maximum (16.14%) when the mixing ratios of PVC and ABS was 4:1. In an isothermal decomposition added with metal oxides, the maximum yield of liquid product was 73% when CaO [CaO/(PVC+ABS)=0.4] was added and it was 70% when $Cu_2O$ [$Cu_2O$/(PVC+ABS)=0.4] was added, respectively, where HCl contained in the gaseous product was completely removed when added with CaO [CaO/(PVC+ABS)=0.5] and $Cu_2O$ [$Cu_2O$/(PVC+ABS)=1.0]. Therefore, to obtain the highest yield of liquid product it appears to be the reaction condition: the reaction temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ and mixing ratios of CaO and $Cu_2O$ are 0.5 and 1.0, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.630-635
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• 2014

Pine nut oil (PNO) is well known to impart beneficial effects in overweight individuals, but the mechanisms underlying PNO-mediated weight loss remain unclear. To investigate how PNO promotes weight loss, its composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, the effects of PNO on cytotoxicity, lipid accumulation, expression of lipid metabolism-related biomarkers, and leptin secretion were assessed in 3T3-L1 cells. GC-MS analyses revealed that PNO contains several components, including linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. Moreover, PNO did not have a cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 cells. However, it inhibited the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). Finally, PNO significantly increased leptin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support the notion that PNO is useful for weight management in overweight individuals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.283-287
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• 2014

This study determined the hazardous heavy metal content of mushrooms from markets in Seoul, Korea. One hundred and fifty mushroom samples were digested by the microwave method then the hazardous heavy metal (Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Ni and Hg) content was determined by the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mercury analyzer. The average values of heavy metals in the samples were as follows: (mean [minimum-maximum], ${\mu}g/kg$); Pb 7.8 (1.9-30.0), Cd 45.3 (0.7-292.4), As 54.6 (24.2-229.3), Cr 42.6 (8.4-334.3), Ni 22.4 (up to 180.4), and Hg 8.9 (2.0-25.0). The contents of hazardous heavy metal in mushrooms were lower than those reported previously and also lower than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) limit prescribed by the FAO/WHO. Thus, it could be suggested that the hazardous heavy metals levels in the mushrooms of retail market were adequately safe for consumption.