• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2006

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary organic selenium levels on performance and selenium retention in broiler chickens and laying hens. In experiment 1, the effects of dietary organic selenium levels on the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, and selenium retention of meat and liver in broiler chickens were investigated. For each growth phase, the basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.60, 1.20, 1.80 and 2.40 ppm Se from selenium yeast(SY). Weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion were not affected by the selenium addition in diets. Breast muscle Se levels were linearly increased (P<0.05) as dietary Se level increased by SY. Selenium concentration of liver tissue was increased (P<0.05) in supplemental SY compared to the control, and was increased (P<0.05) in supplemental 1.20, 1.80 and 2.40 ppm SY compared to the 0.60 ppm SY. In Experiment 2, 12-week-experiment using Hy-Line laying hens (68 wk of age) was conducted to examine the effects of dietary organic selenium on egg Production, egg weight, daily egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion, egg quality, and selenium concentration of eggs. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control), 0.30, 0.60, 0.90 and 1.20 ppm Se from selenium yeast (SY). Egg Production was significantly improved(P<0.05) in supplemental 0.30 and 0.90 ppm SY compared to the control and 0.60 ppm SY during week 1 to 12, but daily egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion showed no difference in supplemental SY and control. Haugh unit, yolk color and eggshell breaking strength showed no difference in supplemental SY and control. Eggshell thickess was significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemental 0.60 and 1.20 ppm SY compared to the 0.90 ppm SY in week 9. Egg Se levels were linearly increased (P<0.05) as dietary Se level increased by SY.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2007

To examine the effects of dietary organic selenium and vitamin E supplementation on egg production, egg weight, daily egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion, egg quality, lipid-soluble antioxidative capacity (ACL) in egg yolk, and selenium retention of egg in laying hens, Hy-Line laying hens of 77 wk old were replaced in the individual cage for 12 week. A corn-soybean meal based diet was supplemented with 0 (control), vitamin E 100 IU/kg and the combination of 0.9 ppm Se from selenium yeast (SY) and vitamin E 50, 100 and 150 IU/kg. Egg production and daily egg mass were significantly increased (P<0.05) in supplemental vitamin E 100 IU, and 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E 50 IU than control for the whole experimental period. However, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by supplemental vitamin E and SY. Haugh unit was significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemental vitamin E 100 IU and 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E 50 IU than control, 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E 100 and 0.9 ppm SY + 150 IU in week 5. Haugh unit of the eggs during storage decreased significantly(P<0.05) from day 1 to day 11. However, Haugh units of the eggs from 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E 150 IU treated groups did not decreased significantly until day 5. Yolk color was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E 50 and 0.9 ppm SY + 100 IU than other treatment groups in week 1. Selenium concentrations of egg were significantly increased (P<0.05) in 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E than control and vitamin E 100 IU groups. Lipid-soluble antioxidative capacity (ACL) in egg yolk was significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemental combination of 0.9 ppm SY + vitamin E 150 IU when compared to those of other treatment groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2015

In order to understand the dynamic characteristics of water column environments in the Western Pacific seamount area (approximately $150.2^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N$), we investigated the water mass and the behavior of water column parameters such as dissolved oxygen, inorganic nutrients (N, P), and chlorophyll-a. Physico-chemical properties of water column were obtained by CTD system at the nine stations which were selected along the east-west and south-north direction around the seamount (OSM14-2) in October 2014. From the temperature-salinity diagram, the main water masses were separated into North Pacific Tropical Water and Thermocline Water in the surface layer, North Pacific Intermediate Water in the intermediate layer, and North Pacific Deep Water in the bottom layer, respectively. Oxygen minimum zone (OMZ, mean $O_2$ $73.26{\mu}M$), known as dysoxic condition ($O_2<90{\mu}M$), was distributed in the depth range of 700~1,200 m throughout the study area. Inorganic nutrients typified by nitrite + nitrate and phosphate showed the lowest concentration in the surface mixed layer and then gradually increased downward with representing the maximum concentration in the OMZ, with lower N:P ratio (13.7), indicating that the nitrogen is regarded as limiting factor for primary production. Vertical distribution of water column parameters along the east-west and south-north station line around the seamount showed the effect of bottom water inflowing at around 500 m deep in the western and southern region, and concentrations of water column parameters in the bottom layer (below 2,500 m deep) of the western and southern region were differently distributed comparing to those of the other side regions (eastern and northern). The value of Excess N calculated from Redfield ratio (N:P=16:1) represented the negative value throughout the study area, which indicated the nitrogen sink dominant environments, and relative higher value of Excess N observed in the bottom layer of western and southern region. These observations suggest that the topographic features of a seamount influence the circulation of bottom current and its effects play a significant role in determining the behavior of water column environmental parameters.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2002

Background: There are few studies that have reported on the pharmacokinetic(PK) disposition of fluoroquinolones in patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis(MDR-Tb), even though fluoroquinolones are frequently co-prescribed to those patients. In this study, the PK disposition of ofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, was evaluated in patients with MD R -Tb. Methods: Twenty patients with MDR-Tb were given 2nd line Tb drugs including ofloxacin (300mg twice a day), prothionamide, cycloserine, para-aminosalicylic acid, kanamycin, and streptomycin. The patients were grouped according to their body mass index(BMI) as an index of emaciation (group A : 18.5$\leq$BMI <23, group B : BMI < 18.5). Blood samples were serially drawn and urine samples were collected upto 24 hours after the last dose of those drugs at steady state (over 1 month). The ofloxacin concentrations were determined using HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Results: The AUC of ofloxacin in group B was greater than that in group A ($31.4{\pm}8.9{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}h$ vs. $24.1{\pm}6.2{\mu}g/ml{\cdot}h$)(Check the symbols), (p<0.05). The total clearance(Cl/F) of ofloxacin was $0.16{\pm}0.03$ L/h/kg in group A, and $0.14{\pm}0.03$ L/h/kg in group B. The half-lives of ofloxacin in two groups were similar (group A : $5.3{\pm}0.8$ hours, group B : $5.7{\pm}0.9$ hours). In addition, the other PK parameters in two groups were also similar. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin in patients with MDR-Tb appears to be comparable with those of normal subjects, and the extent of emaciation appears to have an influence on the pharmacokinetics of ofloxaicn in chronic debilitated MDR-Tb patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2007

Background: Abnormal angiogenesis can induce hypoxia within a highly proliferating tumor mass, and these hypoxic conditions can in turn create clinical problems, such as resistance to chemotherapy. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia induces these changes has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine how hypoxia induces changes in cell viability and extracellular microenvironments in an in vitro culture system using non-small cell lung cancer cells. Methods: The non-small cell lung cancer cell line, A549 was cultured in DMEM or RPMI-1640 media that contained fetal bovine serum. A decrease in the oxygen tension of the media that contained the culture was then induced in a hypoxia microchamber using a $CO_2-N_2$ gas mixture. A gas analysis and an MTT assay were then conducted. Results: (1) The decrease in oxygen tension was checked the anaerobic gas mixture for 30 min and then reoxygenation was induced by adding a 5% $CO_2-room$ air gas mixture to the chamber. (2) Purging with the anaerobic gas mixture was found to decrease the further oxygen tension of cell culture media. (3) The low oxygen tension resulted in a low pH, lactic acidosis and a decreased glucose concentration in the media. (4) The decrease in glucose concentration that was observed as a result of hypoxia was markedly different when different types of media were evaluated. (5) The decrease in oxygen tension inhibited proliferation of A549 cells. Conclusion: These data suggests that tumor hypoxia is associated with acidosis and hypoglycemia, which have been implicated in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2018

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus, medicinal plants extract, and essential oil on laying performance, cecal microflora, relative organic weight, leucocyte profiles in laying hens against Salmonella gallinarum. A total of 100 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 65 weeks of age were assigned into 5 dietary treatments supplemented with no antibiotic (negative control), antibiotic (positive control), Lactobacillus 0.1% (LB), medicinal plants extract 100 ppm (MPE), herb extract 100 ppm (EO). After 7 days of treatment, the 20 hens in each treatment group were divided into challenge group (n=10) and non-challenge group (n=10) for oral administration of Salmonella gallinarums, and were maintained in the same dietary treatments for two additional weeks. Laying hens were selected 20 by each treatment, splitting up into oral Salmonella group and nontreated group. The feeding trial lasted for one weeks and Salmonella gallinarum was orally administered for two weeks. Egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio were calculated and cecal microflora, relative organ, and blood were collected at the end of experiment. Compared with the control, laying hens fed Lactobacillus, medical plant extract, and essential oil were not observed to change of laying performance. Salmonella count increased significantly when Salmonella gallinarum was orally administered (P<0.05) but coliform bacteria and Lactobacillus counts were not affected. The relative organs weight was not different in hens with oral administration of Salmonella gallinarum and also in hens fed Lactobacillus, medical plant extract, and essential oil. H/L ratio was not significantly different, but total leucocyte level was somewhat increased in the treatment with oral administration of Salmonella gallinarum and more leucocyte increased in laying hens fed Lactobacillus, medical plant extract, and essential oil than control.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.350-356
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of the spent mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) substrates (SMS) in laying hens (Hy-Line Brown). The fresh spent mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) substrates collected from the Namkyung farm were fermented with Bacillus subtilis EJ3 for 2 weeks. A total of twenty-four laying hens were fed corn-soy based experimental diets containing 0% (T0), 5% (T1), 10% (T2) and 15%(T3) fermented SMS for 12 weeks. There were no significant differences among the treatments in egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion and viability during the experimental period. Feed intake was significantly lowered in T0 (118.3 g) than T1 (121.9 g), T2 (120.3 g) and T3 (122.4 g). There were no significant differences among the treatments eggshell breaking strength, thickness and haugh unit, whereas the yolk color of T1, T2 and T3 were significantly heavy than T0. The palatability of boiled meat was significantly better in the T3 laying hens than in the T0 laying hens. In conclusion, fermented SMS can be used as resource of feed in laying hen feed at 5.0-15% level without effect on performance and egg qualify.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate dietary effects of Marigold extract on laying performance, egg quality, oxidative stability of egg yolk and lutein transfer into chicken eggs. A total of one-hundred eighty nine 55-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into seven groups and fed control diet or each experimental diet containing 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% Marigold extract. Egg production, egg weight and daily egg mass were not affected by dietary treatments. The yolk colors in groups fed diets containing Marigold extract were significantly higher than that of control. The Haugh unit were tended to be improved by feeding of diets containing Marigold extract although there were no significant difference in egg shell strength and thickness. The MDA (malondialdehyde) contents in groups fed diets containing Marigold extract above 0.5% were significantly reduced than that of control. After 14d of storage, the Haugh unit values in groups feed diets containing 0.3 and 1.0% Marigold extract were significantly higher than that of control (p<0.05). The concentration of lutein in egg yolk increased by feeding of Marigold extract. When 2% Marigold extract was supplemented to the diet, lutein content of egg was increased as much as 1.71 mg/60 g. These results indicated that the use of Marigold extract in layer diets was effective in egg quality and for the production of lutein fortified eggs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.389-398
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three strains of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) supplemented to diets on egg production, egg quality, egg yolk cholesterol levels, the profile of cecal microflora, and tibia characteristics in laying hens. One hundred sixty 76-week-old Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group (10 birds per replicate). Birds in the control group were fed a corn-soybean meal based diet. The remaining three treated groups were fed the control diet containing either 0.05% B. subtilis Ch3 (T1), 0.05% B. subtilis Ch3 + B. subtilis W1 (T2) or 0.05% B. subtilis commercial product (T3) for 6 weeks, respectively. There were no differences in feed intake, egg weight, egg production and egg mass among the groups. The dietary supplementation of B. subtilis improved eggshell strength and Haugh units compared to those of control (P<0.05). The activities of GOT and GPT in serum were not also affected by the dietary treatments. The population of total microbes and lactic acid bacteria in cecum were significantly increased by the dietary B. subtilis (P<0.05), but not the coliforms. The cholesterol concentration in egg yolk and serum in the treated groups were significantly decreased compared to those of control (P<0.05). Also, The levels of phospholipids in serum were significantly decreased compared to those of control (P<0.05). The supplementation of three strains of B. subtilis to diets significantly increased the contents of tibia ash compared to that of control (P<0.05). Thus, this study showed significant improvements in egg quality, such as eggshell strength and Haugh unit, by dietary B. subtilis strains. The B. subtilis strains added to the diets modulated the profiles of cecal microflora, reflecting beneficial effects in laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of single or mixed supplementation of bacterial and fungal phytase using 45-wk-old 450 Hy-Line Brown laying hens housed in individual cages for 12-wk period. The birds were reallocated to have similar egg productivity by examining the egg production for one wk before starting the experiment. Two sources of phytase, bacterial (BP) and fungal (FP), were used either in single or mixture to determine the effects of these phytase. Five dietary treatments consisted of control (BP 0, FP 0), T1 (BP 300, FP 0), T2 (BP 300, FP 300), T3 (BP 300, FP 3000), and T4 (BP 0, FP 3000). The DPU was used for phytase activity in this experiment. The nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) content of control was 0.30%, and those of phytase treatments were set to 60% of the Control. Experimental diets were fed ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The lighting schedule of 17L7D was employed. The egg production was not different between control and bacterial phytase treatments, but the T4 showed significantly low productivity compared to control (P<0.05). No difference was found in average egg weight among all treatments. The daily egg mass did not show any statistical differences among all treatments: however, it was significantly low in T4 compared to ther control during the latter half of the experiment (P<0.05). No significant difference was found among treatments in terms of feed intake, feed conversion and egg quality. The digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, and fat digestibility were similar regardless of the treatments. No significant trends were detected in Ca and P availability. In conclusion, the BP level of 300 DPU contributed to achieve 40% reduction of recommended nonphytate phosphorus addition. The synergistic effect of bacterial and fungal phytase was not confirmed.