• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.55-74
• /
• 2013

This research developed standardized satellite accounts for household production to measure the entire production in Korea using representative Korean data. This study utilized standardized methods for measuring the expenditure and consumption of expendable supplies as an element of intermediate goods in household production. The results of this research can be summarized as follows. First, the total value of household production in Korea in 2009 turned was 268 trillion won, which would be 10.16% of the GDP, based on using the method of replacement by specialty for estimating the value of housework, while it was 356 trillion won, which would be 13.5% of the GDP (2,636 trillion won), based on the method of opportunity cost. Second, the economic value of labor invested in household production was 220 trillion won when using the data from 12 main corresponding wages in the market, while it was 203 trillion won when using the method of total replacement, which used the wages of housekeepers, and 290 trillion won when using the method of opportunity cost in measuring the value of housework labor. Third, in estimating the proportion by section in terms of the total value of household production, the portion of labor in household production was measured from 76% to 82%, depending on the methods used, which is the most significant section. These results indicate that housework has the characteristics of labor-centered work. On the other hand, the value of expenditure on and consumption of expendable supplies, as one element of intermediate goods, is 63 trillion won, which is 17.7% (using the method of opportunity cost in measuring the labor of housework) of household production. Also, the value of capital goods, as the other element of intermediate goods is 2.3 trillion won, which is 0.9% (using the method of opportunity cost) of household production. In conclusion, as an element of household production, housework labor was higher in household production than expenditures on expendables, especially for cooking, cleaning, and caring for children. In the future, people should be cautious about estimating that the amount of household work could be reduced, as women's labor in the market and the household work produced by the market will increase.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.37-50
• /
• 2020

Estimating investment profits of real estate is critical to understand real estate markets and create relevant policy as real estate market and capital market combines closely. Thus, this study applied the concept of Tobin's Q to estimate investment profits for apartments as well as row-houses and multi-family homes in Seoul from 2010 to 2018. Investment profits were estimated by two approaches: subtracting the replacement cost from the transaction price and calculating ratio of the transaction price to the replacement cost, respectively. The spatio-temporal changes in investment profits were apparent in apartments compared with row-houses and multi-family homes. As a result of analyzing the spatial econometrics models, the investment profit was higher in the area with high density and new developments regardless of the housing types. The framework and key findings would be the effective reference to understand residential investment behavior, create relevant housing policy, introduce value capture of windfall, measure regional competitiveness, and estimate housing bubble.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.643-654
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the purchasing behavior and selection attributes for Home Meal Replacement (HMR) and to identify the selection attributes affecting purchasing frequency and purchasing costs of married women living in a city. Among 837 questionnaires distributed to HMR married women consumers, 752 complete questionnaires (89.8%) were analyzed. The younger married women group showed higher frequency of purchasing HMR than the older age group. The 20s and 30s age groups showed higher purchasing costs for HMR than the 40s and older age groups. A higher proportion of employed married women purchased HMR three or more times per week and spent an average of more than 20,000 won per purchase in comparison with unemployed married women. HMR selection attributes were classified into five factors: 'taste and sanitation', 'economic efficiency', 'health and nutrition', 'convenience', and 'reliability and awareness'; mean scores of these factors' importance levels were 4.28, 3.93, 3.59, 3.54, and 3.50 out of 5 points, respectively. The importance level of 'taste and sanitation' factor was significantly greater as married women's age decreased. However, the importance level of 'health and nutrition' factor was significantly greater as married women's age increased. The results of the logistic regression analyses indicate that the 'taste and sanitation' and 'health and nutrition' factors affected frequency of purchasing HMR. The 'reliability and awareness' factor had the most significant impact on cost per purchasing HMR. Therefore, a product differentiation strategy according to married women's age and employment status should be applied. Product qualities and brand value should be improved to enhance competition in the HMR market.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.227-242
• /
• 2012

Accurate estimation of milk production cost is very important for dairy farmers in establishing strategies for business management (e.g. planning a program for milk production, deciding the size of business and investment, determining the milk price for sale). Since the estimated cost of milk production is used as an important index to determine the basal price of milk in Korea, there has been much interest and debate on the method used to estimate milk production cost among the stakeholder. This study was thus carried out to identify problems in the current methodology for estimating cost of milk production, and to find a better way to improve it. We propose several alternatives and better ways to improve the current method for estimating cost of milk production. Estimation of the income and cost per head should be based on the number of cattle converted to grown cows. Cost estimation per liter of milk should be made for both whole milk and 3.4% milk fat corrected milk. The value of purchased cows and raised replacement heifers should be the same as their market value. The productive life span of cows should be less 4 years, and the terminal or salvage value of cows needs to be 30 to 40% less than her initial value. When calculating depreciation of cows over the productive life span, however, the salvage value should be 0 or 1 Korean won. On calculating labor costs, the farm labor wage corresponding to the average wage of nonfarm industrial workers should be assumed. Beside of these, better estimation procedures for other items are also given. The proposed methods from this study should improve the accuracy of estimation of milk production cost and help to achieve consensus among the stakeholder.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.377-384
• /
• 2018

The accelerated increase of the population growth rate in the world and the current lifestyle based on consumerism considerably increased the amount of waste generated by the human activity. Specifically, e-plastic waste causes significant damage to the environment because of its difficult degradation process. This paper aims to establish the feasibility of using e-plastic waste in concrete as a partial replacement of coarse mineral aggregate. Considering a control mix without e-plastic waste designed for a compressive strength of 21 MPa, tests on concrete mixes with 40, 50 and 60% of e-plastic waste aggregate to determine the fresh and hardened properties were carried out. A reduction in the compressive strength as the percentage of e-plastic waste increases was observed, the maximum reduction being 44% with respect to the control mix. In addition, a significant reduction as much as 22% in the density of the concrete mixes with e-plastic waste was recorded, which means that lighter elements can be produced with this type of concrete. Two new equations based on regression analysis of the experimental data from this study were proposed. These equations estimate the reduction in the compressive strength of concrete mixes with e-plastic waste aggregate at 14 and 28 days. A cost analysis and a practical alternative to introduce this waste material into the market are also presented.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.62 no.2
• /
• pp.111-120
• /
• 2020

The definition of meat analog refers to the replacement of the main ingredient with other than meat. It also called a meat substitute, meat alternatives, fake or mock meat, and imitation meat. The increased importance of meat analog in the current trend is due to the health awareness among consumers in their diet and for a better future environment. The factors that lead to this shift is due to low fat and calorie foods intake, flexitarians, animal disease, natural resources depletion, and to reduce greenhouse gas emission. Currently, available marketed meat analog products are plant-based meat in which the quality (i.e., texture and taste) are similar to the conventional meat. The ingredients used are mainly soy proteins with novel ingredients added, such as mycoprotein and soy leghemoglobin. However, plant-based meat is sold primarily in Western countries. Asian countries also will become a potential market in the near future due to growing interest in this product. With the current advance technology, lab-grown meat with no livestock raising or known as cultured meat will be expected to boost the food market in the future. Also, insect-based products will be promising to be the next protein resource for human food. Nevertheless, other than acceptability, cost-effective, reliable production, and consistent quality towards those products, product safety is the top priority. Therefore, the regulatory frameworks need to be developed alongside.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.113-117
• /
• 2017

As the competition in the manufacturing market for small and medium sized generators is intensifying, there is increasing pressure to reduce production cost. Manufacturing the generator stator windings with global vacuum pressure impregnation (GVPI) is a very effective way to reduce costs. However, the stator winding has a fatal disadvantage in that the insulation wears due to vibration in the slot. KEPRI (KEPCO Research Institute) conducted insulation diagnosis for three generators in KOMIPO (Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd.) which were manufactured by GVPI and operated for about 17 years. Insulation diagnosis showed that deterioration of insulation has progressed significantly. Therefore, KEPRI recommended replacing the stator windings of all three generators. In this paper, the insulation properties of the generator stator winding with global GVPI are described by comparing and analyzing the insulation diagnosis results and visual inspection for stator windings.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.199-205
• /
• 2002

The scale of repair parts market reached 0.1 billion won. Above all, it is remarkable that the automotive insurance business world is paying f3r 40 ~5o% of the whole repair cost. The repair parts consist of a genuine parts, non-genuine parts, recycling used parts. It is the recent trend that recycled parts are more popular than the genuine parts f3r repairing crashed cars due to the cost. Performance of recycled continuous velocity(CV) joints and power steering(PS) gear box as replacement parts was tested and analysed in this study. To examine the durability of the recycled parts, the replaced CV joints and PS gear box after repair were tested and analysed periodically. The results were showed that basic performance of the recycled parts was normal. However the ball cage of CV joints was more frequently damaged than genuine parts. We concluded that a test standard and amendment of related laws for recycled parts is required to get a safe and durable parts.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.338-347
• /
• 2021

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a family of microbial polyesters that are used as biodegradable plastics in replacement of conventional plastics for various applications. However, the high production cost is the barrier for PHA market expansion. This study aimed to utilize food waste as low-cost feedstock to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) by Haloferax mediterranei. The effects of acetate (Ac), propionate (Pr), butyrate (Bu), and the short-chain carboxylates derived from food waste were examined on the microbial growth and PHBV production. Results showed that a mixture of carboxylates provided a 55% higher PHBV yield than glucose. The food-waste-derived nutrients achieved the yields of 0.41 to 0.54 g PHBV/g Ac from initial loadings of 450 mg/l to 1,800 mg/l Ac of total carboxylates. And the consumption of individual carboxylate varied between different compositions of the carbon source. The present study demonstrates the potential of using food waste as feedstock to produce PHBV by Haloferax mediterranei, which can provide economic benefits to the current PHA industry. Meanwhile, it will also help promote organic waste reduction in landfills and waste management in general.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.1346-1352
• /
• 2009

Warranty cost of automobile parts varies depending on the parts failure rate in a warranty region of individual markets. Parts failure rate is significantly affected by usage-rate given that other stressors of individual markets are similar. Accordingly, warranty cost can be predicted by failure modeling which reflects usage-rate and using a stochastic process. In this paper, one-dimensional approach is used by applying accelerated failure time model on the assumption that the usage-rate is linear. Such model can explain changes in parts failure rate depending on the changes in usage-rate since it can be expressed as a function of usage-rate. Therefore, acquisition of usage-rate in a new market will automatically lead to estimate of failure rate even without warranty data and warranty cost of parts can be predicted through a renewal process in replacement cases. A case study using warranty data of two real markets is presented in the application part of this paper.