• 동남아시아연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.105-138
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• 2011

The 11th Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party(VCP) held in January 2011 was the forum to reconfirm the gradual reform. By analysing the documents submitted to the Congress, it can be realized that the VCP's reform policy reveals the compromise between conservative and progressive perspectives by "the Socialist-oriented Market Economy". The VCP proposes to proceed the balanced reform for the sustainable development by multi-sector economy to achieve the basis of the modern state by 2020 on the one hand and also urges to strive against "the peaceful evolution" to defend the socialist regime from abroad as well as within the party itself on the other hand. In personnel structure of the Central Committee and Politburo, this term of the Party still keeps the balance of the localities and sectors of the society. No big change was in the selection of top leaders, as almost of them were promoted slightly in the existing echelon of the Politburo. On the prospect of the reform process Vietnam will continue the reform as gradual as before.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.84-99
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• 1999

In China, primary purpose of policy concerning land tenure system was to maintain social homogeneity among people and growth of productivity. Even before reformed by Deng Shao Ping's government, left wing who had placed more importance on the social unity. When they gained political power, pressing against market oriented agricultural policy for the collective farming system. However right wing prefered to adopt the productivity oriented policy, which might lead to individualized farming system at the cost of social unity. Since Chinese government following principles of social economy put more weight on social unities rather than productivity growth, farming system and rural community became developed into homogeneous structure across the nation before Deng Shao Ping's reform. Process for People's Commune, followed by first and then second level coperations starting from group farming so called Hozozo, was historical reflection of developing such land tenure system. However, even under People's Commune, farmers' efforts could be found to increase their own productivity along with emerged private farming, in which Posandoho with week private farming system was gradually developed into Pogandoho. As Deng's government encouraged farmers to increase productivity through the market oriented measure, there had been wide spread of Pogandoho among the farmers even before legal desolution of Peoples' Commune was realized.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2020

This investigation was carried out in Liaoning, Shandong, and Shaanxi where classified most of their geological organizations into profit organizations, which means they must implement enterprise-oriented reform immediately. The valid 311 questionnaires were collected and used to verify the serial mediating model by AMOS 23.0. Results verified the crucial mediating effects of structural and psychological empowerment between external-focused organizational culture and openness for change. Adhocracy culture positively affects employees' openness for change through three indirect paths, including one mediator and two mediators. Market culture impacts individuals' openness for change through two indirect paths, one is through structural empowerment and another one is through two mediators. The findings provide managers in geological organizations with an empowering management practice model which could promote geological industry reform effectively.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제53권
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• pp.129-153
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• 2003

본 연구는 1996년 미국 복지개혁의 성과와 한계를 분석하고 미국의 경험이 우리나라의 공공부조정책에 줄 수 있는 함의를 모색하고자 아는데 그 목적이 있다. 저소득층의 복지의존성을 줄이고 노동을 통한 자립을 강조하는 미국의 복지개혁은 공공부조의 수급기간을 제안하고 근로조건부를 강화하며 노동활동을 장려하는 여러 가지 강력한 조치들을 포함하고 있다. 때마침 이루어진 거시경제의 유례없는 호조에 힘입어 복지개혁은 공공부조 수급자의 획기적인 감소, 저소득편모가구의 노동활동 증가, 그리고 아동빈곤의 감소 등 몇 가지 긍정적인 변화를 이룩하였다. 그러나 저임금과 불안정안 고용지위로 인해 많은 공공부조 수급탈피자들이 실업의 위엄에 크게 노출되어 있는 가운데 여전히 빈곤상태에 놓여 있다. 특히, 노동활동을 강제하는 조치에도 불구하고 상당수의 저소득편모가구는 노동시장 진입을 가로막는 다양한 장애요인으로 인해 취업에 심각한 어려움을 겪고 있다. 저소득가구에 대한 소득보장과 자활의 성취라는 다소 상충되기도 하는 목표를 달성하기 위해서는 개개인이 처한 상환에 대한 세밀한 평가를 통해 노동활동 가능성을 종합적으로 판단하고 이를 바탕으로 개별적이고 포괄적인 공공부조 서비스가 제공되어야 할 것이다. 이러한 미국의 경험은 자활조건부 기초생활보장 수급을 도입한 지 얼마 되지 않은 우리나라의 공공부조정책에 유용한 함의를 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 이베로아메리카
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.69-94
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• 2011

Chile has been the first country in Latin America which has built a two-tiered health care system by partially privatizing the health insurance sector. Despite the intial decrease of health expenditure, more researches now show that health inequality within the Chilean health sector has been augmented with privatization of its insurance system. To explore such inequality, this article looks into the impact of privatization of health insurance on women's health. The author argues that privatization has intensified medicalization of women's body and, consequently, it worsened women's health in Chile. This article contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of market-oriented health care reform by linking it with medicalization process.

• 수완나부미
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.37-63
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• 2014

The economic renovation in Vietnam has shown promising achievements. The process of reforming and equitizing state-owned enterprises, and reducing subsidies from the government have made significant progress since 1986. However, this policy has not received the adequate valuation from leaders. Big companies have not been equitized, and are still managed and subsidized by the government, resulted in budget losses. Corporations have been dominated by political interests. This has led to arguments for better and more feasible measures which could save national budget. Corruption in Vietnam mostly originates from state-owned enterprises, for the monopoly was given by government to those enterprises as foreign partners continue to compete under market-oriented mechanism and transparent supervision. Therefore, renovation of the business mechanism, as well as speeding up equitization and minimizing people's properties, have become crucial in the regional integration trend. This is entirely a vital factor in the renovation process. This study explores plans, as well as the merits of the renovation process in Vietnam, ultimately envisioning to overcome current consequences and motivate Vietnam's economy.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.211-211
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• 2022

The marketization reform from the open-door policy in 1978 was not only booming export-oriented industries with foreign investment but also expanding the role of private actors in the Chinese water sector. Private Sector Participation (PSP) has become an important element in developing urban infrastructure by providing better services with advanced facilities. The rapid development of PSP-driven urban water infrastructure in China has a positive impacted on Chinese economic development, particularly in coastal areas. PPPs in some coastal areas have successfully spread out over China since China applied the first Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) mode in the water sector in the early 1990s. The market-oriented water and wastewater, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mechanism in the initial period of China has been transformed into a state-dominated PPP mechanism. The development pattern of the water and wastewater PPPs in China has been divided in four stages: the first period from 1984 to 2002, the second period from 2003 to 2008, the third period from 2009 to 2014, and the last period after 2015. The study aims to investigate the successful process of water and wastewater PPPs in local areas through five socioeconomic elements: export-oriented economic strategy, urbanization, cheap land policy, infrastructure investment, and water issues and climate change. In addition, the study focuses on analyzing the extent to which the Chinese government re-asserted its control over the PPP mechanism by classifying five elements in three different development Phases from early 2000 to 2020. The Jiangsu Province in the estern coastal area has actively invited PPP projects in the water and wastewater sectors. The successful introduction and rapid growth of PPPs in the urban water infrastructure has made the province an attractive area for a foreign investor.

• 한국사회복지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국사회복지학회 2004년도 심포지엄 한국 사회안전망의 현황과 대책
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• pp.3-50
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• 2004

${\cdot}$ Recent social policy and labour markets debates in Europe, responding to the difficulties faced by the traditional neo-Keynesian welfare state settlement, stress the value of positive investment alongside de-regulation and greater flexibility as a way of achieving both economic and social goals. ${\cdot}$ Patterns of policy reform are complex and reflect differing national circumstances. A general move towards deregulation, constraints on entitlement to passive benefits, programmes to enhance employment, particularly among high-risk groups such as single parents and young people, targeted subsidies for low earners and casemanagement may be identified. ${\cdot}$ In relation to investment in education, research and development and combined training and benefit programmes to enhance mobility between jobs the picture is less clear. Education standards continue to rise, but research and development spending stagnates and few countries have developed substantial ‘flexi-curity’ programmes to support job mobility. ${\cdot}$ The labour market tradition in much of Europe has been one of conflict between labour and employers. As labour grows weaker, new approaches develop. These tend to stress productivity agreements and greater flexibility in work practices within firms and reforms to passive social security systems more broadly, but movement to support the more challenging investment and flexi-curity policies is slow. ${\cdot}$ In general, social and labour market policies in Europe stress deregulation and negative activation more strongly than social investment and ‘flexi-curity’. The countries with high growth and employment achieve that goal by different routes: Sweden has a closely integrated social democratic corporatism with high spending on benefits and training programmes and the UK a more liberal market-oriented system, with lower spending, highly targeted benefits and less mobility support. ${\cdot}$ Europe has something to learn from Korea in achieving high investment in human capital and R and D, while Korea may have something to learn from Europe in social investment, particularly flexi-curity and equal opportunity policies.

• 한국디지털정책학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국디지털정책학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.117-126
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• 2007

The current participative government has started to carry out Residents Service Reform that transforms the transmission system of suppliers' oriented convenience to one-stop tai for made civil and governmental integral ion service for the purpose of realizing universal Social Benefits in responding to increasing desires of people according to the changes of social and economic conditions by overcoming the existing limit of transmission system. This study has analyzed the status and problems of local autonomous organizations according to the innovation of support for the life of residents and in order to solve these problems, I present the implementation strategy of transmission system of civil and government cooperation tailor-made integral ion service through the project of "30 experiencing hall for Social Benefits, " which is a joint project of civil and government dove loped by Jungrang-gu. In addition, it aims for the completed accomplishments of this project to settle as eight largest services market ing brand in 30 method and also as the best strategic brand for the "establishment of network of civil and governmental cooperation" with suppliers of public services, suppliers of civil service, and residents, who are suppliers as well as potential customers, for solving problems of local communities.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.313-336
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• 2020

In this paper, I review evidence on changing global specialization in labor-intensive exporting. Production of apparel, footwear, furniture, and related products are how many low-income countries first enter export manufacturing. Just as China's rise as a powerhouse in these goods supplanted a role previously occupied by the East Asian Tigers, the world may again be on the cusp of significant change in where labor-intensive goods are produced. China's prowess in these sectors peaked in the early 2010s; its share in their global exports, while still substantial, is now in decline. Mechanisms through which the global economy may adjust to China's graduation into more technologically sophisticated activities include expanded labor-intensive export production in other emerging economies and labor-saving technological change in products currently heavily reliant on less-educated labor. Available evidence suggests that the first mechanism is operating slowly and the second hardly at all. As a third mechanism, China may in part replace itself by moving labor-heavy factories out of densely populated and expensive coastal cities and into the country's interior. Such a transition, though still in its infancy, would mirror the decentralization of manufacturing production in the U.S. and Europe, which occurred after World War II.