• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2011

China's proposal of the CAFTA (China-ASEAN Free Trade Area) in 2001 prompted a great debate about whether China was a trade competitor of ASEAN, given their similarity in economic development levels and trade/export structures. That Beijing shifted its focus on economic cooperation from the international level to the regional level led to its proposal of the CAFTA. As the Framework Agreement (Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation between China and ASEAN) showed, Beijing's careful consideration for four newer ASEAN members (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam) intended not only to help all ASEAN members develop economically, but also to narrow the economic gap existing between them and the six old ASEAN members; in return, China was recognized as a full market economy, which it is not currently recognized within the framework of the WTO. The substantial rise in bilateral trade and the structural changes of the trade in goods between China and ASEAN member nations after 2001 proves that ASEAN benefited more from the CAFTA, particularly when the areas where ASEAN had the comparative advantages were designated as the priority cooperation areas between China and ASEAN. In sum, similarities existing in economic development levels and industrial structures between China and ASEAN made them natural economic competitors. However, closer studies of trade in goods of S1-7, S1-6 and S1-0 reveal that China acted as an increasingly complementary trade partner of ASEAN after 2001.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.519-528
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• 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic struck several countries in 2020. After the government officially announced that individuals will be working from home, shut public service agencies, and compelled people to wear masks and maintain social distance, several hundred business actors were forced to shut down their firms. The purpose of this study is to help companies determine the steps for a new marketing strategy for healthy food products in Indonesia. The number of samples was 500 respondents. The variance-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method was used to conduct this investigation, which was similar to a marketing study. The findings show that in Indonesia, lifestyle and price perceptions influence healthy food product purchasing decisions. Meanwhile, brand awareness and customer attitudes had no bearing on healthy food products purchase decisions. The novelty of this study stems from the discovery of new opportunities for business players to market healthy food products during the current COVID-19 period. This opportunity arises as a result of changes in customer lifestyles and price perceptions, both of which must be taken into account by organizations to offer nutritious food items at reasonable rates in Indonesia.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.325-333
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• 2022

This study examined the influence of three elements of individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO), namely innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It is worth noting that SMEs have experienced low productivity, low profit, and low performance during the COVID-19 pandemic era. Although several studies have shown that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is a key factor of company performance, few have focused on IEO. This study employed a quantitative research design because all variables were measurable. It used a questionnaire to survey 384 SMEs in the service sector and employed structural equation modeling (SEM) in data analysis. The findings suggested that SMEs' performance was influenced by risk-taking and proactiveness. This could be related to the fact that SMEs have a less formal structure, allowing owner-managers to take risks and make quick decisions. Furthermore, high performance was ensured by being very sensitive to market trends and changes in the business environment. Innovativeness was not a significant factor in influencing the performance of SMEs. Perhaps it was rather difficult for SME owner-managers to be innovative due to the lack of various resources. This study successfully re-confirmed the effect of IEO on business performance and highlighted the importance of risk-taking and proactiveness in improving the performance of SMEs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.487-489
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• 2021

Most of the women in Korea are experiencing changes in their status as it is very difficult to re-access to the labor market due to life events ranging from marriage to re-employment. Therefore, in this study, a study was conducted in consideration of qualifications as a factor that can help women with career breaks in employment. As a data analysis method, exploratory data analysis (EDA), a statistical technique to find out structural characteristics, was used. Using the data of vocational training courses for women with career interruptions in Korea, we studied how much the acquisition of a certificate is helpful for employment.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.161-179
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• 2022

This paper aims to examine the role of government's support in facilitating small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)' green dynamic capabilities and green SCM practices in a global market. It also investigates whether government support, green dynamic capabilities, and green SCM practices affect export competitiveness. To develop those hypotheses, prior studies and in-depth interviews were conducted and data was collected from Korean manufacturing companies that export abroad and then developed the structural equation model. The hypotheses test results revealed that green dynamic capabilities through government support positively affect export competitiveness and green SCM practices through green dynamic capabilities have positive effects on export competitiveness. Finally, this study is valuable in that it directly and indirectly confirmed the effect of eco-friendly government support on export competitiveness.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.424-431
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• 2021

This study explores fire prevention measures for single-person households on the phenomenon of an increase in single-person households due to changes in the family structure due to low birthrate and aging population, full marriage, non-marriage, separation, bereavement, and returning to farming villages, and increased flexibility in the labor market. The factor that affects the fire of single-person households is the residential environment problem at the structural level. In terms of behavior, there is an increase in fire occurrence due to the rearing of companion animals. In order to prevent fires in single-person households, safety regulations without exceptions are needed to improve the residential environment at the structural level. At the behavioral level, it is necessary to expand the prevention and safety guidance of related organizations. In addition, as a measure to prevent fire caused by companion animals, manufacturers of electric ranges should develop safety devices to prevent fires caused by companion animals, such as an automatic power-off device or power supply using a timer. It can also be an important means to create and distribute promotional videos of measures necessary to safely raise companion animals, or to develop and distribute disaster preparedness programs implemented in virtual reality.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-30
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• 2017

Purpose - As environmental issues, along with the growth of companies, are accelerating, social interests in eco-friendly management that requires corporate social role and responsibility are increasing. The eco-friendly management activity reflects the changes in environmental awareness of consumers. Therefore, the eco-friendly images of companies influence consumers, and the establishing of eco-friendly management strategy has become a very important factor in the greenmarket. In this regard, this study examined the impacts of green leadership and environmental attractiveness on strategic environmental marketing, tactical environmental marketing, and environmental performance towards the employees of franchisee headquarters. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey was conducted towards the 800 headquarters among 2,600 brands that are registered with the Fair Trade Commission of Korea by mail. Among the total of 162 questionnaires collected, 7 respondents were excluded for their incompletion, and thus 155 responses were used in this study. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and SmartPLS 3.0. Frequency analysis was carried out to understand the general characteristics of the subjects, and confirmatory factor analysis to measure the reliability and validity of the measurement. Correlation analysis was conducted to identify the correlation between constructs, and structural equation modeling to examine the structural relationships among the constructs. Result and Conclusions - First, green leadership had a positive impact on strategic environmental marketing, tactical environmental marketing, and environmental performance. Second, environmental attractiveness had a positive effect on strategic environmental marketing, tactical environmental marketing, and environmental performance. Finally, strategic environmental marketing and tactical environmental marketing had positive impacts on environmental performance. This study can be recognized for proposing new perspectives on eco-friendly management strategy for firms to be able to win competitive superiority and performance by embedding awareness of the importance of environmental market and suggesting practical implications on understanding of environmental attractiveness, strategies and tactics of environmental management, and environmental performance in the franchise industry.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

Since the 4th industrial revolution was thrown into the world at the Davos World Economic Forum in January 2016, the world has been undergoing major social and economic changes. In this study, the direction of quality management in the 4th industrial revolution era was examined. First, in all the major countries the industrial structural changes and smart business models were confirmed due to the convergence of new ICT such as IoT, robotics, 3D printing, big data, and AI with the existing technologies and industries. Second, we found that although the core technology level of the 4th industrial revolution in Korea is not as good as that of advanced countries, we have been working on expanding smart production methods and creating new industries by utilizing new ICT. Finally, it was confirmed that quality management is a real-time implementation of new ICT that reflects the needs of the market in real time based on big data from the planning and design stage of products or services.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.177-202
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• 2020

We propose the statistical modeling and empirical results that can be utilized to identify and interpret the structural factors of international arms exports in recent years. The building blocks of research comprise the following questions; which would be the explanatory variables for the changing trend of international arms exports, whether the statistical significance can be verified on those variables and how those are interpreted for the future policy making purpose. We use the dataset of top 40 countries from SIPRI's Arms Transfers Database and analyze several regression models which consist of explanatory variables derived from research hypotheses. The most noticeable result is that the national fiscal reserve is shown to have consistent influence on the arms exports changes. UN security council members' group also has dominant power to make a formation of arms exports market block. Furthermore, gross domestic product and net exports volume in the national economy would seem to be related to changes of international arms exports in post-2000 period as well.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.171-190
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• 2011

Shakespeare's plays deploy an interesting array of food signs in a way to illuminate the historical process of what Stephen Mennell has described as "the civilizing of appetite"-a process in which the changes of food choices and eating habits took place in response to the changes in people's way of life and personality structure over the long-term modern period since the middle ages. Shakespeare's plays suggest that the civilizing of appetite in early modern England was heavily affected by the forces of social mobility as well as the nascent market economy. The Capulets' costly preparation of Juliet's wedding banquet is a showcase of conspicuous consumption which was a structural necessity for the ruling class in Shakespeare's time. Some fifteen years later, the same kinds of foodstuffs are included in a shepherd's shopping list for the sheepshearing festival in Winter's Tale. This is a significant coincidence to prove that food was an important source of emulation and contest among different social classes; and that the rich diet of the upper class gave impetus to social mobility. The Elizabethan subjects, especially among the elite noblemen, were interpellated by the ideology of food that equated the quality of food and the eater's social identity. Faced with bankruptcy as a consequence of his extravagant consumption habit, Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice testifies to the gripping ideology of food onto early modern people, while Poor Tom in King Lear presents a comic parody of the rich people's conspicuous waste. Also in Coriolanus and The Merry Wives of Winsor, Shakespeare uses food as a metaphor for class-motivated social struggles.