• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• 제59권6호
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• pp.1017-1024
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• 2010

Under the Kyoto Protocol many countries have been requested to participate in emissions trading with the assigned $CO_2$ emissions. In this environment, it is inevitable to change the system and market operation in deregulated power systems, and then ensuring safety margin is becoming more important for balancing system security, economy and $CO_2$ emissions. Nowadays, available transfer capability (ATC) is a key index of the remaining capability of a transmission system for future transactions. This paper presents a novel approach to the ATC evaluation with $CO_2$ emissions using multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) technique. This technique evolves a multi-objective version of PSO by proposing redefinition of global best and local best individuals in multi-objective optimization domain. The optimal power flow (OPF) method using MOPSO is suggested to solve multi-objective functions including fuel cost and $CO_2$ emissions simultaneously. To show its efficiency and effectiveness, the results of the proposed method is comprehensively realized by a comparison with the ATC which is not including $CO_2$ emissions for the IEEE 30-bus system, and is found to be quite promising.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• 제69권
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• pp.371-388
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• 2016

International air transport for cargo services is a facilitator for various trade sectors and, by itself, an important service industry. Although international air cargo industry is expected to grow continuously, industry stakeholders complain about legal constraints in the industry and demand more liberalized regime. From its birth at the beginning of the 20th century, the airline industry was tightly regulated by governments with a strong tradition of protectionism. In the past few decades, however, protectionism in the airline industry has steadily declined. Indeed, the airline industry is largely in the process of liberalization. Interestingly, it has been easier to liberalize air cargo service than passenger service. Indeed, states have traditionally shown far more willingness to provide market access for foreign carriers carrying cargo than passengers. Given the impact of air cargo service in a state's wider economy and own characteristics of cargo services (i.e. air cargo traffic is inherently one-way, unlike passenger traffic, which tends to involve round trips), more liberalized approach is necessary for air cargo services. Among three approaches: bilateral, regional (block-based) and multilateral, it is desirable to adopt a multilateral treaty (a new multilateral all-cargo agreement) so as to harmonize and simplify complicated trade regulations on air cargo services.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• 제65권
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• pp.141-160
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• 2015

With the steady growth of our nation's economy, the purchase power of our domestic citizens has continuously enhanced. In recent years, online overseas shopping has rapidly warmed up, increasing number of Chinese people have started to purchase overseas products via internet. According to China's current legislation, the imported goods are divided into goods and items based on "profitability standard", and regulated by different rules of clearance supervision and import duties. Goods can't pass through custom and pay duties in the form of items, and the import duties burden of goods is generally much heavier than that of items. Goods of entrusted overseas shopping pass through custom and pay duties in the form of items, but goods of profitable purchasing are goods, not items. Therefore, the profitable-purchasing behavior is smuggling. Although goods of unprofitable purchasing are items, unprofitable-purchasing behavior may also constitute smuggling. The author concludes that causes of smuggling crime are: huge market demand for overseas goods, lack of customs supervision, law blank of petty foreign trade, and public's misconception of entrusted overseas purchasing are the major factors. The author proposes the corresponding preventive measures against the crime, such as to establish an one-stop service system in online Shopping Mall, to modify the Passengers' Baggage Declaration Form, to establish a relatively simplified clearance system of small cargo, to establish a relatively reasonable import duties of petty trade.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.591-600
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• 1993

Considerable controversy exists about the trend of animal traction effects on crop production in dryland farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This problem arises on account of the failure of the few available empirical studies to recognise the important of technological experience of the individual adopting farmers. This study hence addresses this issue by examining the effects of experience in animal traction technology (ATT) on farm size, cropping emphasis, total crop output and farm productivity. It is based on farm management survey data on 42 small holder farm households fro Ghana. Thirty of these households used animal traction technology (ATT) fro crop cultivation and the rest, mainly hand-hoe. The animal traction sub-sample is classified into three groups according to farmers' years of experience with the technology , thus , those with 1-2, 3-10, and more than 10. Evidence from the study shows that the progression of years of experience with ATT leads to inten ification of labour and land use systems, enhancement of degree of motivation to enter into the market economy, increases in total crop output and farm productivity resulting for decreases in cultivated acreages. The implication of the findings is that institutioal and technical support that do accompany the introduction of such technologies should be structured to last for a relatively longer period to accomodate the learning process.

• Asian review of World Histories
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.147-167
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• 2014

The urban modernity that became an irresistible model for elites in Asia in the decades before and after 1900 was far from being gender-neutral. It represented an exceptional peak of patriarchy in its exclusion of respectable middle class women from the work force, from ownership and control of property and from politics. Marriage was indissoluble and the wife's role in the male-headed nuclear family was to care for and educate the abundant children she produced. Puritan religious values underlined the perils for women of falling outside this pattern of dependence on the male. Though upheld as modern and civilized, this ideal was in particularly striking contrast with the pre-colonial Southeast Asian pattern of economic autonomy and balance between women and men, and the relative ease of female-initiated divorce. Although attractive to many western-educated Southeast Asian men, including religious reformers determined to 'save' and domesticate women, urban respectability of this type was a poor fit for women accustomed to dominant roles in commerce and marketing, and at least equal ones in production. Southeast Asian relative failure in the high colonial era to adapt to the modern market economy may also have a gendered explanation. We should not be surprised that patriarchy and puritanism became more important in Southeast Asia as it urbanized in the late 20th Century, since this was echoing the European experience a century earlier. The question remains how far Southeast Asia could retain its relatively balanced gender pattern in face of its eventual rapid urbanization and commercial development.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• 제36권
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• pp.195-262
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• 2007

This paper attempts to assess the Basel Committee's bank supervisory standards and capital adequacy rules, and thereby rethink whether global convergence in banking regulation is desirable. To that end, it seeks to address the impetus for the creation of the Basel Committee, and explore driving forces behind the internationalization of bank regulatory and supervisory standards. Following the historical and theoretical analysis of the internationalization of bank regulatory standards, the movement toward global standards in banking is reviewed. More importantly, this paper seeks to explore the origins of the Basel Accord on bank capital adequacy. To do so, it largely relies on current theories on the process of negotiating the capital adequacy standards in the areas of political science and international political economy. At this point, this study takes a position as a break against the force of international market failure logic that has enjoyed an exceptionally positive reception among economists, political scientists, and legal experts. Nonetheless, it does not intend to freeze the international coordination and cooperation of banking regulation. Given the understanding of the politics behind the creation of the Basel Accord, this paper evaluates the Basel Accord of 1988 and the new capital adequacy framework(Basel II), and then moves beyond the assessment of the capital adequacy standards In doing so, this study draws lessons from Basel in search of a just world order in the global finance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.281-286
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• 2019

The study aims to analyze the adaptation strategies and resilience of tobacco farmers to face unfavorable trading system. The research method refers to a qualitative approach with phenomenological models and case studies. The findings revealed tobacco farmers in Jember developed various adaptation strategies and resilience through farmer group organizations, partnerships, self-capacity building and access to financial institutions based on economic, social, cultural, and experience values from various sources and interactions among fellow tobacco farmers. The tobacco trading system, which is left to the market mechanism, results in low bargaining power of farmers, this encourages tobacco farmers to develop various adaptation and survival strategies, namely through collective activities of farmer groups, partnerships and self-development and access to financial institutions. Dealing with the unfavorable tobacco trading system, tobacco farmers do not switch to other commodity farming but adapt and make Jember a center for tobacco production in East Java and Indonesia. From this findings, it suggests to the government as the regulator does not only provide subsidies for tobacco farmers, but also must provide various technical assistance to increase the ability of tobacco farmers. More importantly, regulations must be made benefit tobacco farmers other than corporations so that equality can be enjoyed by tobacco economy players.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.1-28
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• 2009

In recent, the Korean fisheries industry face an overall crisis. Annual fish catch is continuously decreasing for last two decades even though various programs to improve fish population. Moreover, domestic fish market is more and more occupied by imported cheap fish products from abroad due to the consequence of open economic policy, FTA and WTO/DDA entente. Under the circumstances, this study aims to examine the potential for building fisheries cluster as a policy tool to promote fisheries and fisheries-associated industries in Korea. To achieve this goal, the authors firstly reviewed the theoretical concept of Industrial Cluster in the evolutionary economics point of view, secondly, analyzed the main components of Porterian Cluster(or innovation cluster), thirdly, derived the key reasons to induce the improvement of productivity within the cluster network system and lastly evaluated fisheries capability and industrial infrastructures of each province as a basic condition to build a fisheries cluster. The result of the study demonstrates the voluntary accumulation of fish products and processing techniques in Korea, however, it is not enough to make up a Porterian innovation. Therefore, the present is most opportune for applying fisheries cluster as a strategic policy tool. Government supports to establish innovation cluster for fisheries may contribute both fisheries industry and local economy by developing the latent capacity of fisheries and helping concentrate innovation capabilities.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2017

Global Platform Solution Company (aka Amazon, Google, MS, IBM) who has cloud platform, are driving AI and Big Data service on their cloud platform. It will dramatically change Enterprise business value chain and infrastructures in Supply Chain Management, Enterprise Resource Planning in Customer relationship Management. Enterprise are focusing the channel with customers and Business Partners and also changing their infrastructures to platform by integrating data. It will be Digital Transformation for decision support. AI and Deep learning technology are rapidly combined to their data driven platform, which supports mobile, social and big data. The collaboration of platform service with business partner and the customer will generate new ecosystem market and it will be the new way of enterprise revolution as a part of the 4th industrial revolution.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.361-387
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• 2010

China has been the number one target of anti-dumping cases. In the middle of 1990s, China began to make anti-dumping rules to protect its domestic markets. The first anti-dumping regulation was mentioned in 1994 and the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy regulation was published in 1997. In 2001, China entered into the WTO and as a member of WTO, China is obliged to revise its anti-dumping rules in accordance with WTO's requirements. After that China amended anti-dumping rules in 2004 and it is still valid. Even though China makes considerable efforts to make the rules to be consistent with WTO Rules, China is still facing various difficulties such as lack of transparency, absence of definite deadlines, mismatch between rules, lack of clear interest criteria, overly hard questionnaires and inadequacy of judicial review and non-market economy. This paper deals with the current situation of anti-dumping system in China and the scheme of antidumping law and regulations and the main contents of that law and regulations. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the enhancement of China's anti-dumping rules by studying the problems and solutions of the anti-dumping rules in China.