• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2010

This study evaluated current status of marine sand mining and related assessment systems in Korea for supporting effective policy development. The estimated total deposit of sand was ca. 10 billion $m^3$, while the estimated minable amount was ca. 5.5 billion $m^3$, in which marine sand accounted for 21%. The proportion of marine sand to the total mined aggregates has steadily increased by 15% in 1992 to 28% in 2002, but recently slightly decreased. Marine sand mining is regulated under a consultation system on the coastal development according to the "Marine Environmental Management Act". During 2002-2009, a total of 184 million $m^3$ of marine sand was mined, and the annual amount ranged from 17,440,000-33,698,000 $m^3$ the coastal area accounted for 64.5% and the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) 35.5%. In the coastal area, the major area supplying the marine sand was Gyeonggi Bay (>62%) followed by some southwestern coastal areas. The South and the West EEZ explained 23.9% and 11.6% of the total mined sand. The extent of marine sand mining in Korea was evaluated to be greater compared with other countries. Large-scale concentrated and repeated sand mining can damage environmental changes and ecology with long-term accumulated impacts.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제29권3호
• /
• pp.205-216
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of large scale marine sand mining on the marine ecological community. For the study, four stations along the coast were selected and monitored in 1998 and 2001 at mining areas and non-mining areas about the Gyeonggi Bay. The result revealed that in 1998, 9 species of fishes, 16 species of crustaceans, and 6 species of mollusks were collected where as in 2001, 11 species of fishes, 5 species of crustaceans, and 2 species of mollusks were collected, uncovering the fact that fishes have diversified while crustaceans and mollusks have reduced on a grand scale. Also, there were two key characteristics regarding the changes of biological communities in mining and nonmining areas. The first was the dwindling of crustaceans inhabiting the sand area. This outcome may be accounted for by the facts that physical removal of seabed sediments and re-sediment due to expansion of floating particles cause direct influence on the ocean floor ecosystem and have continuous effect on the communities of crustaceans which feed on them. Secondly, the newly arrived species and their population during spring and summer seasons have increased in the non-mining areas and have decreased in the mining area. It can be concluded that highly nomadic fish species migrate toward areas with less disturbance or destruction of ecosystem from marine sand mining, and consequently, the communities of fishes change in the sea area. Setting aside the characteristics of the investigated sea areas where the arriving conditions of species vary by seasons, the clear differences of population of organisms in those areas are due to environmental alterations owing to the marine sand mining ; if those large-scale marine sand mining activities continue in the Gyeonggi Bay, their effects on biological communities in the areas will only grow.

• 환경영향평가
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.335-345
• /
• 2010

This paper assessed environmental impacts of marine sand mining on coastal areas and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) of Korea, and diagnosed problems of the related assessment statements for suggesting key assessment items (scoping) and system improvement. To mitigate conflicts and environmental impacts caused by large-scale, concentrated sand mining, we suggest it is critical to promote sustainable and eco-friendly utilization of marine resources while listening opinions from various stakeholders and analyzing alternative plans. Especially, it should be mandatory as a scoping item to provide verifiable data on the amount of sand, potential and accumulative impacts by mining, and key assessment items (e.g. erosion and sedimentation by submarine topography, benthic change, spreading of suspended solids, water pollution, grain-size change, and impact on fisheries resources). We also suggest that postassessment and monitoring should be improved to enable tracking of environmental impacts caused by sand mining through seasonal monitoring together with intermittent short-term surveys. In addition, effective measures to mitigate the impacts is also essential. As repeated sand mining at large-scale can damage marine ecosystems by long-term accumulated impacts, we suggest that assessment systems and regulatory policies should be developed and established, especially for ensuring reliability of assessment and review on selected major sandmining projects.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.337-350
• /
• 2010

This study conducted sedimentological and geophysical surveys for 3 years (2006-2008) in southern Gyeonggi Bay, Korea to elucidate temporal changes in subaqueous dune morphology on a sand ridge trending northeast to southwest that has been excavated by marine sand mining. The sand ridge (~20 m in height, ~2 km in width and 3~4 km in length) has a steep slope on the NW side and a gentle slope on the SE side, creating an asymmetric profile. Large (10~100 m in length) and very large (>100 m in length) dunes occurring on the SE side of the ridge show a northeastward asymmetrical shape, whereas dunes on the NW side destroyed by marine sand mining display a southwestward asymmetry. The comparison between Flemming (1988)'s correlation and the height-length correlation of this study indicates that tidal current and availability of sand sediment are major controlling factors to the development and maintenance of dunes. Depth and sedimentary characteristics (grain size) are not likely to be major controlling factors, but indirectly influence dune growth by hydrological and sedimentary processes. The length and the height of dunes decrease toward the southeastern trough away from the crest of the ridge. These features result from the decrease of tidal current and sediment availability. The length and the height of dunes on the southeast side decrease gradually over time. This is a result of the interaction between tidal current and the decrease in sediment availability due to sediment extraction by marine sand mining. Marine sand mining has destroyed the dunes directly, causing irregular shapes of shorter length and lower height. The coarse fraction of suspended sediments is transported and deposited very close to the sand pit. By contrast, relatively fine sediments are transported by the tidal current and deposited over a wide range by the settling-lag effect, resulting in a decrease of sediment grain size in the area where suspended sediments are deposited. In addition, marine sand mining, decreases the height of dunes. Therefore, morphological and sedimentological characteristics of dunes around the sand pits will be significantly changed by future sand mining activities.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 공동학술발표회
• /
• pp.54-54
• /
• 2017

• 한국항해항만학회지
• /
• 제36권9호
• /
• pp.741-751
• /
• 2012

This article analyzes the interdependency between nonrenewable marine sand resources and renewable fishery resources by the developed dynamic bioeconomic model. The developed bioeconomic model is applied to a case study of efficient sustainable management for marine sand mining, which adversely affects a valuable blue crab fishery and its habitat in Korea. The socially-efficient extraction plan for marine sand and the time-variant environmental external costs to society in terms of diminished harvest rate of blue crab are determined. To take into account long-term effects from destroyed fishery habitat, a Beverton-Holt age structure model is integrated into the bioeconomic model. The illustrative results reveal that the efficient sand extraction plan is dynamically constrained by the stock size of the blue crab fishery over time. Thus, the dynamic environmental external cost is more realistic resource policy option than the classical fixed external cost for determining socially optimal extraction plans. Additionally, the economic value of bottom habitat, which supports the on- and off-site commercial blue crab fishery is estimated. The empirical results are interpreted with emphasis on guidelines for management policy for marine sand mining.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 공동학술발표회
• /
• pp.106-106
• /
• 2017

• 해양환경안전학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2014

본 연구에서는 선박항행이 허용되어 선박이 다니는 공유수면의 일정부분을 바다골재채취구역으로 하는 골재채취업에 대한 법적근거, 해상교통안전진단제도와 해역이용 협의 및 평가제도의 평가에 대한 중복성 및 양 제도간 적용 우선순위 등의 문제점으로 사업자에게 시간적 경제적 부담을 가중시키고 있으므로, 문제점 해결을 위한 개선방안을 제시하였다. 해양수산부에서 해사안전법과 해양환경관리법을 담당하고 있으므로 업무 협조체계를 유지하여 각각의 제도 평가위원회에 상호 전문가를 포함하는 방안과, 법률을 개정하여 근본적으로 해결하는 방안이 있다. 이를 통하여 해양에서 발생하는 사고의 개연성을 감소시키고 해양환경을 보호하는 방법이 될 것이다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 해양환경안전학회 2017년도 추계학술발표회
• /
• pp.233-233
• /
• 2017

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.129-144
• /
• 2006

해사채취 지역에서의 저서동물은 채취에 따른 해저퇴적층의 교란 및 부유탁도에 의한 재침전 등의 영향을 직접적으로 받고 있으나, 이에 대한 연구는 매우 적다. 지금까지 대부분의 해사채취의 규모에 따른 저서생태계 변화 및 회복에 대한 연구는 단시간의 소규모 교란에 의해 실시되었으며, 일반적으로 대규모로 이루어지는 해사채취에 따른 생태계 교란을 평가하기에는 많은 어려움이 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 해사채취가 많이 이루어지는 경기만 지역에서, 대량$(70,000m^3)$의 시범 해사채취를 실시하여 저서생태계 군집구조에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 저서생태계 조사는 2005년 11월부터 시범채취가 시작되기 전과 채취기간 동안에 실시되었다. 시범채취가 시작되기 전에 출현한 대형저서동물의 종수는 해사채취가 진행되고 있는 주변 지역에서와 비슷하였다. 시범채취 예정 지역(정점 1과 2)에서 단각류 U. grimaldii japonica가 우점했으며, 다차원척도분석에서도 시범채취 예정해역은 하나의 그룹으로 구분되었다. 그러나 시범채취가 시작되면서, 정점 0과 1에서의 종수 및 밀도가 급격히 감소하였다. 특히 이곳에 우점했던 단각류 U. grimaldii japonica가 급격히 감소했으며, 시범채취 2개월 후에 조사된 3차 조사에서는 정점 0과정점 1에서는 출현하지 않았다. 그렇지만, 정점 2에서는 뚜렷한 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 종간의 유사도 분석과 IMD 그리고 rIMD 그리고 P/A ratio분석에서 정점 0과 1에서 변화가 크게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과, 해사채취의 직접적인 영향은 정점 0과 1에서 나타났으며, 정점 2에서는 직접적인 영향이 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구에서 해사채취에 따른 저서생태계의 영향을 평가하는데 이용한 IMD과 r.IMD및 P/A ratio 분석 결과는 모두 비슷하였으며, 장기간의 모니터링 검증을 통해 생태평가지수의 개발이 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.