• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.64-68
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• 2010

Cattle feedlot manure could be used effectively as the solid fuel for heating of agricultural facilities. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the thermal and physicochemical characteristics of solid fuel extruded with cattle feedlot manure. Calorific values of the solid fuel extruded with cattle feedlot manure, which was dried to the moisture contents of 0.0% (w.b) and 35.0% (w.b,) were 14,906 kJ/kg and 11,797 kJ/kg, respectively. Calorific value of extruded solid fuel was linearly decreased with the increase of moisture content. The first, second, and third reaction point during thermal pyrolysis of solid fuels extruded with cattle feedlot manure was investigated as $108.1^{\circ}C$, $312.2^{\circ}C$, and $459.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum reaction point was presented at the temperature of $312.2^{\circ}C$. Weight loss of extruded cattle feedlot manure during thermal pyrolysis until $600^{\circ}C$ was reached to about 60%. Volume decrease of initial extruded cattle feedlot manure was 61% during drying for the use as solid fuel. Maximum strength of extruded cattle feedlot manure, which was dried as the moisture content of 10% (w.b.) was 41,9150 N/$m^2$. Ignition gas analysis of extruded cattle feedlot manure presented that it has small amount of $NO_x$ and $SO_x$. It was shown that dried cattle feedlot manure had main components of C and O including small amount of Mg, Si, and Ca.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1997

This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of composting of swine manure with wood chips as a bulking agent. To evaluate the optimum blending ratio of wood chip to swine manure three levels of wood chip such as 100, 150, and 200% were blended on a volume basis with 100% of swine manure was used to determine the effect of wood chip compared with sawdust as a bulking agent on composting. The maximum temperature reached during composting was 70, 58, 48, 72$^{\circ}C$ at blending ratio of 100, 150, 200, and 50WC+50SD%, respectively. The bulk density of compost was increased extremely with increasing the blending level of wood chip. The C/N ratio of final compost ranged from 18.25 to 19.82 . Heavy metal contents in the final compost were in the range of 0.05∼0.16 mg/kg, 5,86∼10.95 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, and 295∼440 mg/kg for Cd, Hg, and Cu, respectively. It was concluded that the blending ratio of 200:100 of wood chip and manure by volume was satisfactory for swine manure composting.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2014

The coal fly ash (CFA) may be utilized as an extender for organic waste composting at the same time fully expected to solve all industrial waste disposal and sawdust tribe. The main objective in this study was to evaluate the effect of CFA addition as a bulking agent for swine manure composting. To determine the suitable addition rate of CFA as a bulking agent, 0, 10, 20 and 30% of saw dust were mixed with 30, 20, 10 and 0% of coal fly ash, respectively. Compost quality for swine manure composting was to evaluate temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and phytotoxicity as germination index. Stability of compost increased with increasing levels of CFA as bulking agent during swine manure composting due to the high alkaline materials including CFA. C to N ratio in treatment added CFA was higher than that of the control without CFA. After finishing composting, germination index of lettuce and cabbage in swine manure compost added 10% of CFA was similar to the control, all the heavy metal contents were far below the stipulated standard for organic farming. These results indicated tahr coal fly ash as bulking agents might be alternative materials to save saw dust and apply industrial products for swine manure composting.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권12호
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• pp.1977-1985
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the seasonal characteristics of odorous material emissions from a swine finishing barn equipped with a continuous pit recirculation system (CPRS) using aerobically treated manure. Methods: The CPRS consists of an aerobic manure treatment process and a pit recirculation system, where the solid fraction is separated and composted. The aerated liquid fraction (290.0%±21.0% per day of total stored pig slurry) is continuously recirculated to the top of the slurry in the pit. Four confinement pig barns in three piggery farms were used: two were equipped with CPRS, and the other two operated a slurry pit under the slatted floor across all seasons. Results: The indoor, exhaust, and outside odor intensities were significantly lower in the CPRS group than in the control group (p<0.001). In the CPRS group, the odor intensity outside was significantly lower in the fall than in the other seasons (p = 0.015). In the indoor atmosphere, the temperature and CO₂, NH₃, and H₂S contents of the CPRS group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). In the CPRS group, indoor temperature did not significantly change in the spring, summer, and fall seasons and was significantly lower in the winter (p = 0.002). NH₃, H₂S, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, phenol, indole, and skatole levels were significantly lower in the CPRS group than in the control group (p<0.05). There were significant seasonal differences on the odorous material in both the control and CPRS groups (p<0.05), but the pattern was not clear across seasons. Conclusion: The CPRS can reduce the indoor temperature in the summer to a level similar to that in the spring and fall seasons. The CPRS with aerated liquid manure is expected to reduce and maintain malodorous emissions within acceptable limits in swine facilities.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2014

우분의 기본 특성과 우분 탄화물의 특성에 대한 검토를 통해 탄화도, 전환율, 반응속도 및 활성화 에너지에 대하여 고찰하였다. 우분 시료 자체의 저위발열량은 272 kcal/kg로 낮게 나타나 연료로써의 개질이 필요하므로 탄화공정을 이용하여 탄화물의 발열량을 4,300 kcal/kg 이상인 연료로 전환 하였다. 전환율은 반응초기인 10분까지 급격히 증가하였으며, 온도가 증가함에 따라 높게 나타났다. 우분 탄화공정에서의 반응속도는 1차식으로 나타내었으며, 빈도인자(A)는 $1.34{\times}10^{-2}min^{-1}$, 활성화 에너지는 5,196.4 cal/mol로 평가되었다. 반응속도 상수는 $250^{\circ}C$일 때 $0.0679min^{-1}$, $400^{\circ}C$일 때 $0.2107min^{-1}$로 온도가 증가함에 따라 반응속도도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 우분 탄화에서의 반응속도에 대한 평가한 결과, 탄화공정의 최적조건은 탄화온도 $350^{\circ}C$, 탄화시간 20분으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

계분(鷄糞)을 가공(加工)할 때 생기는 질소(窒素)의 손실(損失)을 줄이는 방법(方法)을 강구(講究)하기 위(爲)하여 생계분(生鷄糞)을 린산(燐酸), 중과석(重過石), 과석(過石)으로 처리(處理)하여 3일간(日間) $35^{\circ}$에서 부숙건조(腐熟乾燥)하는 실내시험(室內試驗)을 실시(實施)하여 다음 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1) 생계분(生鷄糞)에 린산(燐酸)이나 중과석(重過石), 과석(過石)을 처리(處理) 부숙(腐熟)시키므로서 암모니아의 휘산(揮散)을 줄여서 무처리(無處理)에서는 $40{\sim}60%$만 보전(保全)할 수 있었던 계분실소(鷄糞室素)를 $80{\sim}90%$까지 보전(保全)할 수 있었다. 2) 실소(室素)의 손실(損失)을 줄일 목적(目的)으로 시용(施用)하는 첨가물(添加物)은 계분(鷄糞)과 충분(充分)히 혼합(混合)되어야 한다. 3) 부숙계분(腐熟鷄糞)을 건조(乾燥)할 때 실소(室素)의 손실(損失)이 많다. $45{\sim}65^{\circ}$로 건조(乾燥)할 때 무처리(無處理)에서는 $70{\sim}90%$가 손실(損失)되고 린산(燐酸), 중과석(重過石), 과석처리(過石處理)에서는 $60{\sim}80%$가 소실(消失)되었다. 4) 미리 $65^{\circ}$로 높여 놓은 건조기(乾燥器)에 부숙계분(腐熟鷄糞) 시료(試料)를 넣어 말렸을 때는 점차적(漸次的)으로 온도(溫渡)를 높였을($45{\sim}65^{\circ}$) 때 보다 질소(窒素)의 손실(損失)이 적었다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.41-44
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• 2006

2중필름 온실계사에서 육계를 사육하였을 때 발생하는 계분을 처리할 수 있는 수동 교반형 퇴비화시스템을 개발하였으며, 교반빈도가 퇴비화 온도에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. 병원균 사멸에 필요한 $55^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도를 유지한 기간은 무교반에서 88시간 1회/4일의 교반에서는 179 시간, 1회/2일의 교반에서는 200 시간으로 교반회수가 빈번할수록 그 기간이 길어지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.28-35
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• 2014

우분과 계분의 삼성분, 원소분석 등으로 기초특성을 파악하고, 탄화공정을 통하여 얻어진 우분과 계분 탄화물의 에너지특성에 대하여 비교, 검토하였다. 우분과 계분의 최적 탄화조건은 탄화물의 저위발열량과 수율을 곱한 총발열량으로 도출하였으며, 우분이 탄화온도 $300^{\circ}C$, 탄화시간 20분으로, 계분이 $350^{\circ}C$, 15분으로 나타났다. 최적 탄화조건에서 우분과 계분 탄화물의 저위발열량은 우분이 4,378 kcal/kg, 계분이 3,462 kcal/kg으로 평가되었다. 최적 탄화조건을 통해 생성된 우분 탄화물은 고형연료제품기준을 만족하는 신재생 에너지원으로 활용이 가능한 것으로 판단되었으나 계분 탄화물은 원료의 개질 등을 통한 발열량 증가가 필요한 것으로 평가되었다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.69-75
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• 2012

Composting of water hyacinth, mixed with cattle manure, rice husk and sawdust in four different proportions, was performed in a pilot scale rotary drum composter. The physico-chemical characteristics, i.e., temperature, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, total organic matter (OM), nitrogen dynamics and nutrients were evaluated during the 20 days composting process. The stabilities of the composts were also investigated with respirometric analysis, i.e., $CO_2$ evolution rates and oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Among all trials, trial 1 (6 water hyacinth, 3 cattle manure, 1 rice husk) indicated the best composting mix, as shown by the highest temperature profile and OM loss, and lowest $CO_2$ evolution rate and OUR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.900-905
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• 2009

We analyzed succession of the bacterial communities during composting of animal manure in three individual facilities. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) targeting for the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were used to clarify the changes of bacterial community throughout each composting process. Our study revealed that the bacterial community structures differed during the composting process. The bacterial community in composting of facility A showed little change throughout the process. In the compost sample from facility B, its community had a small shift as the temperature increased. In compost from facility C, the temperature dynamically changed; it was shown that various bacterial communities appeared and disappeared as follows: in the initial phase, the members of phylum Bacteroidetes dominated; in the thermophilic phase, some bacteria belonging to phylum Firmicutes increased; towards the end, the community structure consisted of three phyla, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. This study provides some information about the bacterial community actually present in field-scale composting with animal manure.