• Human Ecology Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.507-526
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• 2017

To infer the true state of a regional product's attributes, consumers use the image they have of the product's region of origin; however, products may have multiple countries of origin in their design, branding, sourcing and manufacturing becuase more products are increasingly a result of multi-firm and multi-country efforts. We examined how the country-of-origin image (country image and product image) affect international consumers' perceived value (function value and symbolic value) and purchase intentions of made-in China goods by extending and deepening the flexible model. Second, to investigate the differences of COO effects according to different types of country-of-origin we divided the traditional country-of-origin into two components: country-of-manufacture (COM) and country-of-brand (COB). We then explore how the impact of China's country image on consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions varies when China is the COM or COB of the same product. Six hypotheses were proposed to test our anticipations. We recruited 800 Korean adult consumers who previously purchased made-in China products to participate in the online investigation. Data analyses were conducted with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS. The main results are discussed as follows. First, the effects of China's COO image on Korean consumers' perceived value and purchase intentions vary when China is the COM or COB of a product. Second, a positive effect of the function value and symbolic value on the purchase intentions was found. Literature and practical implications of findings are discussed and suggested in the conclusion.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.71-98
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• 2008

Considerably many numbers of studies on country-of-origin(hereafter COO) effects have been presented in international business and marketing areas. Recent studies have been included the effects of COO of manufacture, parts, and design, as well as the effects of brand origin, reflected by the accelerating convergent manufacture circumstances and increasingly competitive environments. Moderating constructs such as knowledge of product category and involvement as individual variables, have been also introduced and researched in various angles. In addition, how the effects of COO occur as processes is also argued in previous studies. This research has attempted to explain business corporation's strategic decisions on choosing a domain of its product manufacturing for several critical reasons, for cost reduction or better image. We displayed two constructs of brand and manufacture in a positive and negative country image group to reconfirm the existence of the effects of COO. Additionally, the effects of respondents' regulatory fit between their motivational focus and the contents of product messages, have been declared. Furthermore the respondents' motivational focus moderates the main effect of COO on product evaluations in a positive 'made-in' combination, while, surprisingly, it does not statistically moderate in a negative, except attitude. Based on the results, implications and suggestions on how to plan and execute more effective marketing strategies regarding COO dimensions, especially COO of manufacture, are separately presented for each situations when it has already been determined and when it is to be.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.353-373
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• 2010

This paper researched on countries effect of country-of origin product of the Korea customer. Also This study was analysis to purchase frequency and purchase place for products of the U.S.A, Japan, China, EU, and Chile in Korea market. That is to say, this study is reviewing on country image subject including country of origin. According to WTO rule, The rules of origin should be administered in a consistent, uniform, impartial and reasonable manner. The objective of this article is to explore the relationship between country of origin and consumer effect using empirical analysis. The country of origin was divided into country of design, assembly, and parts. A survey questionnaire was sent to 250 customer in Korea market, and 220 usable responses were obtained. The 213 samples are analyzed with the countries origin effect. Multiple regression results show that the U.S.A and Japan product are positively affected by the purchase effectiveness of Korea customer's. However, The EU, China and Chile products do not affect effectiveness in Korea market. This article contributes to a understanding of effects of country-or-origin. When the nation image has been made, marketing approaches considering both image of country of manufacture origin and motivational focus can be utilized simultaneously.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.347-353
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to present the possibility of an alternative production base for clothing business of South Korea through the analysis about textile/clothing industry production activities in the Gaeseong industrial complex. It is necessary for the Gaeseong industrial complex to cope with the issue about FTA and country of origin, manpower supply and demand, paying wages and labor productivity, the exclusive industrial complex of clothing. The Country of Origin on imports and exports tells the country of manufacture or production, where the product comes from. Rules of Origin are the special regulations to determine the country of origin of a product and exist in the forms of international law, legislation, precedent and administrative decisions. But the economy in the North and the Gaeseong industrial complex is a comparative advantage combined with elements of North-South interdependence as a South-North economic cooperation business and can contribute significantly to the stabilization of the North-South relations. Among the models using criteria of the determination of origin, it has directly provided the models of general regulation for offshore products, of limited offshore products. These models are to help Korean exporters in understanding and utilizing the Rules of Origin for their manufacturing. In addition, the development of the Gaeseong industrial complex will contribute to establish peace on the Korean peninsula as well as in Northeast Asia. Also economic cooperation between South and North Koreas is essential for peace and prosperity of the Korean people.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.483-503
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to clarify the origin which have misused terms, analyze Its meanings and suggest the unified terms. The content of this study are as follows. The origin of the terms in western dress is different with the areas of cultural influence. Japanese occupied much more than other languages in the apparel industry after the civilization. and English has dominated in the educational filed since 1945 the Liberalization. French, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch are added. These languages came to the clothing field via Japanese and English or directly from the countries. 망토(manteau프), 메리야스(medias스), 러닝셔츠(일) 라사(raxa네), 오트 쿠튀르(Haute Couture 프), 비로드(veludo 포), etc. However the words of foreign origin have misused or corrupted until now a days. 마이 (재킷, 상의), 노 슬립, 소데나시 (슬리브리스, 민소매) 넌라쟈(브래지어), 노타이, 노타이샤쓰(오픈칼라 셔츠, 넥타이를 매지 않은 셔츠) 와이샤쓰(드레스 ttu츠), etc. And also these terms are confused in using because of the word's diversity, the different nationality, change of the marking rules, and the difference between the education and production field terms. On the others hand, this study explained the differences between western costume and Korean costume as the clothing manufacture terms were translated to Korean. bodice-길, collar, neckline-깃, belt, sash-(허리)띠 And then the untied terms were suggested through the comparison production field and educational area (including schools and institutes). lapel, 라펠(학교용어) (학원용어), 가에리 (일) (의류산업 현장용어), 아랫깃(통일어) By the way, this study involved the origin of and misused teams in sewing and presented the unified terms. 미까시 (X)-미 카에시(일) - 안단($\bigcirc$), 이새(X)―홈줄임 ($\bigcirc$) As the above , the characteristics of clothing terms which have misused are Japans,;e, corrupt Japanese, false reports foreign words via Korean, Japanese, compound words of Korean and Japanese, compound words of English and Japanese. And also the words of foreign origin in clothing had the following tendency in the marking system. There are ellipsis of form, sex, timber, grammatical case '-ing', '-ed' in adjective and long vowels express to short vowels. We can see this phenomena as the rule of curtailment labor.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.65-98
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• 2009

The present study purposed to examine empirically the effects of animosity against a product's country of origin on product evaluation, attitude and purchase intention. For this study, we conducted an experiment of 316 university students in the Metropolitan area. The results of this study suggest that the negative influence of animosity against the country-of-origin on attitude and purchase intention was higher for low-typicality products than for high-typicality ones. This result suggests that the negative influence of animosity against a specific country is not equal among all products from the country, but can vary among the products. For products manufactured in a country other than the country-of-origin, the negative influence of animosity against the country-of-origin did not decrease. This result means that, even for multinational products, animosity against the country-of-origin can have a negative influence on the consumers' response to the products. Based on major findings of this study, both academic and practical issues are discussed. Suggestions for future studies are provided.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.143-151
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is development of technique to use cementitious powder as recycle cement produced from deteriorated Concrete waste which has a large quantity of calcium carbonate. Therefore, after having theoretical consideration based on the properties of high-heated concrete and concerning about neutralization of Concrete, we analysis chemical properties of ingredients of cementitious powder. After making origin cement paste, then processing the accelarated carbonation, we consider the properties of hydration and chemical properties of cementitious powder under various temperature conditions. As a result of the thermal analysis, the $CaCO_3$ content of cementitious powder would affect decision of heat temperature to recover its hydrated ability because $CaCO_3$ content is increased when neutralization is progressed. And as a result of XRD analysis, in case of origin powder of non-neutralized paste, CaO peak is found at $700^{\circ}C$. but, heat temperature to generate CaO would increase when the content of neutralized ingredients is increased. Finally, recycle cement heated at $700^{\circ}C$ 120min. shows the best compressive strength when the content of neutralized ingredients in recycle cement is less then 50%.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2017

This study investigated the effect of brand history, congruity between country of origin and conspicuous consumption of fashion brand, based on the evaluation of customers. The factorial design was constructed as a 3-way mixed design: 2(brand history: presented vs not presented) ${\times}$ 2(congruity between Country of Brand(COB) and Country of Manufacture (COM): congruent vs incongruent) ${\times}$ 2(conspicuous consumption: high vs low). A total of 302 men and women aged above 30 and living in Seoul or within the capital area, were enrolled as subjects. Of these, 26 insincere responses were excluded and a final total of 276 responses were used in the analysis. The statistical analysis included reliability analysis, three-way ANOVA, and simple interaction effect analysis with SPSS 18.0 statistics. Our results indicate that brand history, congruity between COB and COM, and conspicuous consumption had significant effect on the fashion brand preference of consumers. Furthermore, presenting the brand history resulted in higher brand preference. Second, the brand history and conspicuous consumption had a significant interaction effect on brand preference. Consumers with higher conspicuous consumption showed significantly higher brand preference than those with lower conspicuous consumption. Third, congruity between COB and COM and conspicuous consumption had a significant interaction effect on brand preference. However, when COB and COM were dissimilar no significant effect of conspicuous consumption on brand preference was observed.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.121-129
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• 2022

This study intends to analyze the impact of the country of origin on the intention to ingest COVID-19 vaccinations by measuring Vietnamese people's perceptions of India in the manufacture of COVID-19 vaccines. The research is done using a quantitative method, and primary data was obtained using a conventional manner based on the willingness of the research respondents, who are Vietnamese persons aged 18 and up, to contribute information. The findings revealed that perceived brand association and perceived brand quality directly positively impact the COVID-19 vaccine's consumption intention and willingness. Meanwhile, while the perceived country image component has no direct effect on consumption intention, it does have a positive indirect effect on consumption intention through perceived brand linkage and perceived brand quality. The findings also emphasize the importance and significance of a country's image in brand association and quality perception. The study's findings imply that to increase consumers' willingness to buy India's COVID-19 vaccination, the country should develop communication initiatives to improve consumer perceptions of the country's image, the perceived value of the brand association, and brand quality.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.437-444
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• 2007

Vinyl acetate has been widely used for the manufacture of polyvinyl alcohol emulsion, which is primary ingredient of adhesive, paints, textile, paperboard coatings, etc. Since these products are plentiful and frequently used around us, workers and consumers are at health risk. International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) classified vinyl acetate as group 2B(possibly carcinogenic to humans). Among the organs targeted, the oral cavity is the most vulnerable organ affected by the carcinogenic effects of vinyl acetate. Since the origin of most of oral cancer is derived from the epithelial cells, it is important to understand the carcinogenic potential of vinyl acetate in human epithelial cells. Thus, the present study has attempted to utilize the immortalized human epithelial cell model to assess the carcinogenic potency of this chemical and to understand the underlying mechanisms.