• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

Single-view reconstruction (SVR) is a fundamental method in computer vision. Often used for reconstructing human-made environments, the Manhattan world assumption presumes that planes in the real world exist in mutually orthogonal directions. Accordingly, this paper addresses an automatic SVR algorithm for Manhattan worlds. A method for estimating the directions of planes using graph-cut optimization is proposed. After segmenting an image from extracted line segments, the data cost function and smoothness cost function for graph-cut optimization are defined by considering the directions of the line segments and neighborhood segments. Furthermore, segments with the same depths are grouped during a depth-estimation step using a minimum spanning tree algorithm with the proposed weights. Experimental results demonstrate that, unlike previous methods, the proposed method can identify complex Manhattan structures of indoor and outdoor scenes and provide the exact boundaries and intersections of planes.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.31-38
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• 2017

In this paper, we propose a system which estimates Manhattan coordinate systems for urban scene images using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Estimating the Manhattan coordinate system from an image under the Manhattan world assumption is the basis for solving computer graphics and vision problems such as image adjustment and 3D scene reconstruction. We construct a CNN that estimates Manhattan coordinate systems based on GoogLeNet [1]. To train the CNN, we collect about 155,000 images under the Manhattan world assumption by using the Google Street View APIs and calculate Manhattan coordinate systems using existing calibration methods to generate dataset. In contrast to PoseNet [2] that trains per-scene CNNs, our method learns from images under the Manhattan world assumption and thus estimates Manhattan coordinate systems for new images that have not been learned. Experimental results show that our method estimates Manhattan coordinate systems with the median error of $3.157^{\circ}$ for the Google Street View images of non-trained scenes, as test set. In addition, compared to an existing calibration method [3], the proposed method shows lower intermediate errors for the test set.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.39-46
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• 2017

In this paper, we proposes method of vanishing point detection using orthogonality of vanishing point, under the "Manhattan World" assumption that the structure of the city is mostly grid and vanishing point are orthogonal to each other. The feature that the vanishing point are orthogonal to each other can be useful for inferring the missing point that are not detected among the three vanishing point, and prevent the vanishing point detected close to the other vanishing point. In this paper, we detect Vertical vanishing point through statistical approach and detect Horizontal and Front vanishing point through structural approach. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves the detection accuracy of the vanishing point compared with the existing method.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-41
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• 2020

In Part One, I documented the evolution of the use of the elevator and the iron frame to build ever-taller buildings that would eventually be called "skyscrapers," to offset the ever-increasing cost of Manhattan real estate. By the start of the Great Depression of the 1870s in 1873, New York architects had erected two ten-storied skyscrapers. In Part Two I document the major events, designers, and buildings in New York, Chicago, and other American cities that eventually culminated in the ability to erect 20 story skyscrapers by 1890.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.7-13
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• 2011

The climate change due to the increased consumption with fossil fuel and rise of the oil price have been serious global issues. Automobile industry consumes 30% of the oil every year and causes air pollution and global warming by the exhaust emissions and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$). The demand of two-wheeled vehicle increases every year due to the parking and traffic problem caused by the increased automobiles in the urban area. Approximately 50,000,000 two-wheeled vehicles were produced in 2008. The development and sales of the hybrid two-wheeled vehicle industry become active due to its increased market demands. In this paper, the change of the motor and battery efficiency, driving distance, hill climbing ability with the change of the motor capacity was analyzed. Simulation of the peculiarities in urban driving schedule(World-wide Motorcycle Test Cycle(WMTC), Manhattan driving schedule), constant speed(10 km/h, 35 km/h) of small electronic two-wheeled vehicle was also carried out. Through the simulation result, appropriate capacities of the motor and battery for urban driving was acquired.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.103-114
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper investigates the structure of exports across countries in terms of value added. Exports value added is examined under two categories, domestic and overseas. Using a statistical classification method by distance based on these two value added categories, this paper estimates the similarity of exports value added across countries including Korea. Design/methodology - The model of study is to employ a generalized distance function and then derive the Manhattan and Euclidean distances. The paper also performs cluster analysis using the Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) and hierarchical methods to classify the 44 sample countries considered in this study. Findings - Our main findings are as follows. The 44 countries can be classified under 5 groups by their domestic and overseas value added in exports. Korea has a sandwich global value chains (GVCs) position between Japan, China, and Taiwan in the East Asian region. Originality/value - Existing papers point out the double counting problem of trade statistics as the intermediate goods trade across borders increases. This paper addresses the double counting problem by using the World Input-Output Table. The paper shows the need to explore the similarity of value added in exports structure across countries and investigate the GVCs position and role of each country.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.89-113
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• 2015

This paper explores the work of mourning of 9/11 in the United States, focusing on the project of building the National September 11 Memorial managed by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation(LMDC) and the War on Terror declared by the George W. Bush administration in the wake of 9/11. This paper first looks at the project of building the Natioanl September 11 Memorial and considers what was at stake in achieving this project. It also examines the limitations of the project. This paper argues that, in spite of the efforts to mourn the victims in significant and meaningful ways, the work of mourning in the memorial project fails at least in two respects. First, the memorial project "began so soon" right after 9/11 that the victims' families were not given enough time to mourn their loved ones. Second, the project were permeated with American nationalism and patriotism, which made the 316 non-American victims of 9/11 invisible and forgotten. Then, it goes on to examine the War on Terror because the War on Terror epitomized the failure of mourning due to these causes. In his address to the nation delivered on the very day of 9/11, President George W. Bush stated that "America was targeted for the attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world" and that the terrorists failed to threaten America into chaos. He also stated that America is in "the war against terrorism." These statements were a futile reassertion of the illusion of American invulnerability and a prohibition of mourning in favor of violent military responses to 9/11. American nationalism also underlies Bush's official naming of September 11 as "Patriot Day." The victims were sacrificed because they were at the site when terrorists attacked, which implies that their death had nothing to do with American patriotism. Naming September 11 as Patriot Day was an act of imbuing the absurdity of the victims' death with a false meaning and an act of forgetting the non-American victims. The failure of the work of mourning of 9/11 consisted in the inability to recognize human vulnerability and interdependence and the inability to mourn not only American victims but also non-American victims killed in 9/11 and the War on Terror. A meaningful and significant mourning could be possible when we realizes that all human beings are exposed to one another and their lives are interdependent on one another. September Eleventh Families for Peaceful Tomorrows well demonstrated this kind of mourning. When most Americans supported violent retaliations, Peaceful Tomorrows made pleas for nonviolent responses to 9/11. Turning their grief into action for peace, its members work "to create a safer and more peaceful world for everyone," not only for Americans. Their effort to mourn in meaningful and nonviolent ways delivers the message that a disaster like 9/11 should not happen anywhere.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.54
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• pp.149-179
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• 2018

October 31, 2017, a man named Saipov who follows ISIS killed 8 people and injured nearly 20 others by driving his truck to the riverside bicycle path in Manhattan, New York, in an act of terror. June 5, 2017, the Islamic extremist Yacqub Khayre held a woman hostage in a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, before being killed by the police. Various countries around the world including the UK, France, and Germany are in war against terrorism. The terrorists change their target from hard targets such as government officials to vulnerable soft target, intensifying the public's fear, and, unlike in the past when they were organized by governments or organizations, extremists such as ISIS followers are now acting on their own in the act of terrorism. Also, as they use vehicles, pressure cooker, and other objects that can be easily found for terrorism, it is becoming more difficult for the police to prepare against terrorist attacks. Meanwhile, some terrorism researchers argue that conversational techniques (negotiation) used by the police are now of no use, as shown in the cases like 9/11 attacks in 2001 and 2016 Nice attack in France in which the suspects committed terrorist attacks without leaving enough time for the police to take action and that, therefore, tactical suppression techniques need to be developed. Therefore, this study suggested police negotiation techniques are necessary not only for terrorist attacks but also for overall police work, including handling intoxicated people at police station, and proposed ways to activate conversational techniques for police organizations.