• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.633-637
• /
• 2010

In this study, lithium manganese oxide spinel ($LiMn_{1.9}Fe_{0.1}Nb_{0.0005}O_4$) as a cathode material of lithium ion secondary batteries is synthesized with spray drying, and in order to increase its crystallinity and electrochemical properties, the granulated $LiMn_{1.9}Fe_{0.1}Nb_{0.0005}O_4$ particle surface is coated with lithium titanium oxide spinel ($Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$) through a sol-gel method. The granulated particles present a higher tap density and lower specific surface area. The crystallinity and discharge capacity of the $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ coated material is relatively higher than uncoated material. With the coating layer, the discharge capacity and cycling stability are increased and the capacity fading is suppressed successfully.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.12 no.9
• /
• pp.712-717
• /
• 2002

New wet chemical method so called precipitation-evaporation method was suggested for preparing spinel structure lithium manganese oxide ($LiMn_2$$O_4$) for Li ion secondary battery. Using precipitation-evaporation method, $LiMn_2$$O_4$ cathode materials suitable for Li ion secondary batteries can be synthesized. Single spinel phase $LiMn_2$$O_4$ powder was synthesized at lower temperature compared to that of prepared by solid-state method. $LiMn_2$$O_4$ powder prepared by precipitation-evaporation method showed uniform, small size and well defined crystallinity particles. Li ion secondary battery using $LiMn_2$$O_4$ as cathode materials prepared by precipitation-evaporation method and calcined at $800^{\circ}C$ showed discharge capacity of 106.03mAh/g and discharge capacity of 95.60mAh/g at 10th cycle. Although Li ion secondary battery showed somewhat smaller initial capacity but good cyclic ability. It is suggested that electro-chemical properties can be improved by controlling particle characteristics by particle morphology modification during calcination and optimizing Li ion secondary battery assembly conditions.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.277-296
• /
• 2016

The aim of this research was to investigate the ability of nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes as a filtration unit for groundwater treatment for drinking water resources. Commercial membranes denoted as TS40, TFC-SR3 and GHSP were used to study the performance based on rejections and fluxes. The investigation has been conducted using natural groundwater obtained from a deep tube well with initial concentration of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) at 7.15 mg/L and 0.87 mg/L, respectively. Experimental results showed that NF membranes exhibited higher fluxes than UF membrane with pure water permeability at 4.68, 3.99 and $3.15L.m^{-2}.h^{-1}.bar^{-1}$, respectively. For metal rejection, these membranes have performed higher removal on Fe with TS40, TFC-SR3 and GHSP membranes having more than 82%, 92% and 86% respectively. Whereas, removal on Mn only achieved up to 60%, 80% and 30%, for TS40, TFC-SR3 and GHSP membranes respectively. In order to achieve drinking water standard, the membranes were efficient in removing Fe ion at 1 and 2 bar in contrast with Mn ion at 4 and 5 bar. Higher rejection of Fe and Mn were achieved when pH of feed solution was increased to more than 7 as TFC-SR3 membrane was negatively charged in basic solution. This effect could be attributed to the electrostatic effect interaction between membrane material and rejected ions. In conclusion, this study proved that NF membrane especially the TFC-SR3 membrane successfully treated local groundwater sources for public drinking water supply in line with the WHO standard.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 2001

Recently many studies on manganese oxides Ln$_{1-x}$A$_{x}$MnO$_3$(Ln=La, Pr, Nd lanthannide; A=Ca, Sr, Ba, Pb +2 ions) reported CMR properties. CMR have been also found in chalcogenide spinels. We have investigated that Ni ion substitutions for Fe ion have effects on CMR properties in chacogenide spinels Ni$_{x}$Fe$_{1-x}$Cr$_2$S$_4$. It was found that with increasing Ni concentration Jahn-Teller distortion was strengthened and Curie temperature T$_{c}$ was increased. CMR properties could be explained with Jahnl-Teller effect, half-metallic electronic structure, and the alignment of magnetic domain due to the strong magnetic field, which is different in that double exchange interactions dominate CMR properties in manganese oxides.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2006.06a
• /
• pp.424-425
• /
• 2006

Zinc sulfide is a well-known host material of phosphor emitting different radiations dependent on different doping impurities of metallic ion. It emits green, blue, orange-yellow or white colors by doping with activators such as copper, silver, manganese and so on. In this study, manganese, copper and chlorine doped ZnS phosphor (ZnS:Mn,Cu,Cl) was synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The optical properties were investigated according to different concentrations of sulfur and activators used during the synthesis process.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.8
• /
• pp.2379-2382
• /
• 2010

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.309-314
• /
• 2010

The surface modified $LiMn_2O_4$ materials with Li-Fe composites were prepared by a sol-gel method to improve the electrochemical performance of $LiMn_2O_4$ and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-EDS. XRD results indicate that all the samples (modified and pristine samples) have cubic spinel structures, and XRD, XPS, and TEM-EDS data reveal the formation of $Li(Li_xFe_xMn_{2-2x})O_4$ solid solution on the surface of particles. For the electrochemical properties, the modified material demonstrated dramatically enhanced reversibility and stability even at elevated temperature. These improvements are attributed to the formation of the solid solution, and thus-formed solid solution phase on the surface of $LiMn_2O_4$ particle reduces the dissolution of Mn ion and suppresses the Jahn-Teller effect.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
• /
• v.18 no.8
• /
• pp.702-707
• /
• 2005

Spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ has become appealing because manganese is inexpensive and environmentally benign. In general, cathodes for lithium ion batteries include carbon as a conductive agent that provides electron transfer between the active material and the current collector. In this work, we selected Acetylene Black and Super P Black as conductive agents, and then carried out their comparative investigation for the performances of the $Li/LiMn_2O_4$ cells using different conductive agents with different particle size. In addition, their electrochemical impedance characteristic of $Li/Mn_2O_4$ cells using different conductive agents is effectively identified through a.c. impedance technique. As a consequence, $Li/LiMn_2O_4$ cells with Super P Black show better electrochemical performances ascribed to the significant contribution of feasible ionic conduction due to larger particle size than those with Acetylene Black.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.68-71
• /
• 1998

The effect of Mn and Nb additions on the electrical properties of BaTiO$_3$ has been studied by means of equilibrium electrical conductivity as a function of temperature, oxygen partial pressure(Po$_2$) and composition. If the manganese ion is added to the normal Ti site, i.e. BaTi$_{1-x}Mn_xO_{\delta-6}$, the equilibrium conductivity shows strong evidence of acceptor-doped behavior. The conductivity minimum, corresponding to the transition from oxygen excess, p-type behavior to oxygen deficient, n-type behavior with decreasing Po$_2$, is displaced to lower Po$_2$ and is broadened and flattened. The partial replacement of Mn ion with Nb decreases the acceptor-doped effect and the total replacement exhibits a typical donor-doped behavior. It was confirmed that unlike undoped or other acceptor-doped behavior. It was confirmed that unlike undoped or other acceptor-doped samples, for the p-type region, the electrical conductivity follows the 1/6th power dependence of oxygen partial pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.379-383
• /
• 2011

This paper presents the synthesis of one-dimensional spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ nanostructures using a facile and scalable two-step process. $LiMn_2O_4$ nanorods with average diameter of 100 nm and length of 1.5 ${\mu}m$ have been prepared by solid-state lithiation of hydrothermally synthesized ${\beta}$-$MnO_2$ nanorods. $LiMn_2O_4$ nanowires with diameter of 10 nm and length of several micrometers have been fabricated via solid-state lithiation of ${\beta}$-$MnO_2$ nanowires. The precursors have been lithiated with LiOH and reaction temperature and pressure have been controlled. The complete structural transformation to cubic phase and the maintenance of 1-D nanostructure morphology have been evaluated by XRD, SEM, and TEM analysis. The size distribution of the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ nanorods/wires has been similar to the $MnO_2$ precursors. By control of reaction pressure, cubic 1-D spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ nanostructures have been fabricated from tetragonal $MnO_2$ precursors even below $500^{\circ}C$.