• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.535-544
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• 2005

The management of mandibular condyle fractures continues to be a subject of much debate. It is suggested that, if not properly managed, these fractures may give rise to serious problems, such as malocclusion, mouth opening limitation, temporomandibular joint disorders. Treatment planing of mandibular condyle fractures is very important. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the long-term results according to treatment methods in condylar fractures. Also, it was to evaluate results of treatment according to condylar fracture level. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 43 mandibular condyle fractures. 43 patients followed for average period of 9.00 years(mini. 7yr, max. 12yr). All patients underwent a clinical and radiologic evaluation focusing on mouth opening, mandibular movements, TMJ function, change of ramal height, condylar remodelling. If the level of fracture was positioned in high, especially in level II, mandibular movement disability and ramus length loss was more prominent. This results were similar to the cases of treatment of fragment removal. In high level fracture and fragment removal cases, It is thought that more intensive and long term management are needed than other treatment cases using different operation methods. Also, direct fixation by each approach showed good results in mandibular movement, ramal height change and condylar shape. Through this results, accurate reduction of the mandibular condyle fractures was a very important factor in postoperative prognosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.363-366
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• 2020

A 2-month-old, 50 kg male Korean native calf was referred with bilateral mandibular fractures. The bilateral mandible was hanging loose, with inability to use the jaw, indicated by excessive salivation. Radiography revealed a long oblique fracture in the right mandible, and a short oblique fracture in the left mandible. Computerized Tomography, a different form of radiography, revealed the fracture in the left mandible to be a comminuted fracture. In order to stabilize the bilateral mandible fractures, a combination of bone plate and wiring was applied; in addition, resin was applied to enhance stabilization of the mandible. Six weeks after surgery, the calf was able to masticate and ruminate well. In this case, application of the plate and wiring with resin to bilateral mandibular fractures presented a successful functional recovery. Accordingly, the combination of bone plate and wiring with resin can be an effective technique for treating mandibular fractures.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.302-308
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• 2019

Fractures of the styloid process of the temporal bone may occur with or without an obvious relation to trauma. The incidence of either isolated styloid process fracture or in combination with mandibular fractures is rare, and such occurrences are often misdiagnosed or neglected. A fractured styloid when displaced may impinge on adjacent vital structures, leading to neurological or vascular symptoms that vary according to the anatomical structure compressed. Styloid process fractures associated with atlas/C1 fractures have also been rarely reported in the literature. In this review of literature, the majority of patients was treated conservatively, as few demonstrated the necessity of surgical intervention. There is a definitive need for a protocol to recognize and classify styloid fractures to plan for further treatment. The aim of this review was to achieve a comprehensive understanding of all types of styloid fractures, determine the clinical severity of symptoms, and to consider management and prognosis. In addition, a new classification of cervico-stylo-mandibular fractures is proposed based on important evidence in the literature regarding clinical and radiographic factors that might influence the treatment and prognosis of such fractures.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.259-265
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of intracapsular fracture lines of the mandibular condyle on the anatomical and functional recovery after non-surgical closed treatment. Methods: Clinical and radiological follow-up of 124 patients with intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle was performed after closed treatment between 2005 and 2012. The intracapsular fractures were classified into three categories: type A (medial condylar pole fracture), type B (lateral condylar pole fracture with loss of vertical height) and type M (multiple fragments or comminuted fracture). Results: By radiological finding, fracture types B and M lost up to 24% vertical height of the mandibular condyle compared to the height on the opposite side. In Type M, moderate to severe dysfunction was observed in 33% of the cases. Bilateral fractures were significantly associated with the risk of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction in fracture types A and B. Bilateral fracture and TMJ dysfunction were not statistically significantly associated in type M fractures. Conclusion: Most of the mandibular intracapsular condylar fractures recovered acceptably after conservative non-surgical treatment with functional rehabilitation, even with some anatomical shortening of the condylar height. The poor functional recovery encountered in type M fractures, especially in cases with additional fracture sites and bilateral fractures, points up the limitation of closed treatment in such cases.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.32-35
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• 2011

Purpose: Mandibular angle fractures constitute approximately 30% of mandibular fractures, and the mandibular third molar is usually in line with the fracture. This study evaluated the relationship between the extraction of a tooth in line with a mandibular angle fracture and the infection rate. Methods: One hundred and forty seven patients with mandibular angle fractures containing a tooth in line with the fracture from 2005 to 2008 were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on an extraction, and the infection rates were evaluated in both groups. Results: An extraction was performed in 70 patients (47.6%) and postoperative infections occurred in 14 patients (9.5%). Six (8.6%) of the 70 patients in the extraction group and 8 (10.4%) of the 77 patients in the non-extraction group had an infection. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.708). Conclusion: These results show that there is no increased risk of postoperative complications when a tooth is present

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.275-281
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• 2018

Objectives: Isolated mandibular fractures contribute to approximately 45% of maxillofacial traumas. Improper management of mandibular fractures can cause myriad potential complications and can lead to serious functional and aesthetic sequelae. The objective of the study is to design a stepwise approach for managing isolated mandibular fractures using open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) with regional anesthesia on outpatient basis. Materials and Methods: Patients with isolated mandibular fractures presenting to the department of maxillofacial surgery were selected for ORIF under regional anesthesia based on occlusion, age, socioeconomic status, general condition, habits, and allied medical ailments. Standard preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative protocols were followed. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 4 weeks up to a maximum of 1 year. Results: Of 23 patients who received regional anesthesia, all but one had good postoperative functional occlusion. One patient was hypersensitive and had difficulty tolerating the procedure. Two patients developed an extraoral draining sinus, one of whom was managed with local curettage, while the other required hardware removal. One patient, who was a chronic alcoholic, returned 1 week after treatment with deranged fracture segments after he fell while intoxicated. Conclusion: With proper case selection following a stepwise protocol, the majority of mandibular fractures requiring ORIF can be managed with regional anesthesia and yield minimal to no complications.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2012

In the treatment of mandibular condyle fracture, conservative treatment using closed reduction or surgical treatment using open reduction can be used. Management of mandibular condylar fractures remains a source of ongoing controversy in oral and maxillofacial trauma. For each type of condylar fracture,the treatment method must be chosen taking into consideration the presence of teeth, fracture height, patient'sadaptation, patient's masticatory system, disturbance of occlusal function, and deviation of the mandible. In the past, closed reduction with concomitant active physical therapy conducted after intermaxillary fixation during the recovery period had been mainly used, but in recent years, open treatment of condylar fractures with rigid internal fixation has become more common. The objective of this review was to evaluate the main variables that determine the choice of an open or closed method for treatment of condylar fractures, identifying their indications, advantages, and disadvantages, and to appraise the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions that are used in the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2012

The incidence of condylar fractures is high,but the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle continues to be controversial. Historically, maxillomandibular fixation, external fixation, and surgical splints with internal fixation systems were the techniques commonly used in the treatment of the fractured mandible. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced, or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and dental occlusion, and the surgeonnds on the age of the patient, the co-existence of othefrom which it is difficult to recover aesthetically and functionally;an appropriate treatment is required to reconstruct the shape and achieve the function ofthe uninjured status. To do this, accurate diagnosis, appropriate reduction and rigid fixation, and complication prevention are required. In particular, as mandibular condyle fracture may cause long-term complications such as malocclusion, particularly open bite, reduced posterior facial height, and facial asymmetry in addition to chronic pain and mobility limitation, great caution should be taken. Accordingly, the authors review a general overview of condyle fracture.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.472-477
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• 2005

This study investigated the mandibular fractures that were treated at the Seoul National University Boramae Hospital in order to analyze the characteristics of mandibular fractures and the relationship between the causes and injury patterns. A total of 141 patients with mandibular fractures who were treated between 1996 and 2004 were analyzed retrospectively. The male to female ratio in the patient group was 5.13:1, and the mean age was 33.7 years. The most common etiologic factor was assaults (45.4%), and which was followed by activities associated with daily-life (40.4%) includeding falls, stumbling, collisions, and traffic accidents (11.3%). Single fracture sites were present in 75 patients (53.2%), two or more fracture sites were observed in other patients, and a total of 211 fracture sites were observed. The mandibular angle fractures (46.7%) was the most common in case of single fractures, and symphysis and angle fractures (45.4%) was most common in multiple fractures. Through out overall fracture sites, the most common fracture site was the symphysis (41.2%), followed by the angle (32.2%) and condyle (18.5%). Among assault and falls-related injuries, the common involving sites were the symphysis, and followed by the body and condyle. In case of traffic accidents, the symphysis fracture was the most common, and which was followed by the condyle and angle fractures. This study documented the characteristics of the mandibular fractures. The results demonstrate that preventive measures according to these characteristics will need to be implemented in order to minimize the risk of maxillofacial injuries.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 1989

The is a retrospective study on the transoral approach to open reduction of the Mandibular fractures. Our study was based on a series of 64 patients with mandibular fractures among 99 patients of facial bone fractures who had been treated by transoral approach with or without extraoral approach at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yonsei Medical Center, Yonsei University from January 1981 to October 1988. We studied favorite sites of open reduction, fixation methods, results and prognosis related to transoral approaches of Mandibular fractures, and which compared with extraoral approaches. The results obtained are as follows : 1. The transoral open reduction was used more frequently in Mandibular fractures(64.6%) than Midfacial bone fractures(35.4%). Among 64 patients of mandibular fractures, 47 patients(73.4%) were treated only by transoral approach and others(26.6%) were treated by both trans- and extra-oral approach. Among 92 sites of mandibular fractures, 75 sites(81.5%) were treated by transoral approach and 17(18.5%) were treated by extraoral approach. 2. The most favorite site for transoral approach compared with extraoral approach was Symphysis(100%), and Angle(62.5%) was next in order of frequency on Mandibular fractures. 3. Direct Interosseous Wiring(DIW) was most commonly used for fixation(64.6%) and Miniplate osteosynthesis was used next in 28.1%. 4. Simple(39.1%) and Compound(52.2%) fractures were frequently indicated for transoral approach, however comminuted fractures were rarely indicated. 5. The direction of fracture lines on Angle of the mandible did not influence to determine whether transoral approach should be selected or not. However this area seemed to be more difficult to reduce exactly by transoral procedure than other areas because simultaneous superior and inferior fixation was applied predominantly on this area. 6. The success rate of reduction and fixation analyzed from us was more excellent in Direct Interosseous Wiring(29/53=54.7%) than in Rigid Internal Fixation(9/29=31.0%). But it might be depended upon various factors as like as sugeon's skill. 7. The postoperative complication due to transoral open reduction of mandible was not high(12.0%) and this rate was similar with other published reports.