• Title/Summary/Keyword: Mandarin

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Effect of dietary protein and lipid level on growth, feed utilization, and muscle composition in golden mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri

  • Sankian, Zohreh;Khosravi, Sanaz;Kim, Yi-Oh;Lee, Sang-Min
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.7.1-7.6
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    • 2017
  • A feeding trial was designed to assess the effects of dietary protein and lipid content on growth, feed utilization efficiency, and muscle proximate composition of juvenile mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri. Six experimental diets were formulated with a combination of three protein (35, 45, and 55%) and two dietary lipid levels (7 and 14%). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish ($8.3{\pm}0.1g$) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that growth performance in terms of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) increased with increasing dietary protein level from 35 to 55% at the same dietary lipid level. At the same dietary lipid content, WG and SGR obtained with diets containing 55% protein was significantly higher than those obtained with diets containing 45 and 35% protein. No significant effect on growth rate was found when the dietary level of lipid was increased from 7 to 14%. While the levels of protein and lipid in the diets had no significant effect on feed intake, other nutrient utilization efficiency parameters including daily protein intake (DPI), feed efficiency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed a similar trend to that of growth rates, with the highest values obtained with diets containing 55% protein. Muscle chemical composition was not significantly affected by the different dietary treatments for each dietary lipid or protein level tested. These findings may suggest that a practical diet containing 55% protein and 7% lipid provides sufficient nutrient and energy to support the acceptable growth rates and nutrient utilization of mandarin fish juveniles.

Early Gonadogenesis and Sex Differentiation of the Mandarin Fish Siniperca scherzeri (쏘가리 (Siniperca scherzeri)의 초기 생식소 형성 및 성분화)

  • Lee, Yoon-A;Lee, Byoung-Min;Choi, Kyong-Cheol;Park, Sang-Yong;Bang, In-Chul
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.76-80
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    • 2005
  • The early gonadal development and sex differentiation of the mandarin fish, Siniperca scherzeri was described from hatch to the 130th day post-hatch (DPH). Primordial germ cells were observed on the just hatched fry (5.10 mm in total length (TL)) and began to protrude into the peritoneal cavity between mesonephric duct and gut. The primordial gonad, with the formation of genital ridge, developed on the 8-10th DPH (10.77-12.47 mm TL). Ovarian differentiation was identified by the presence of ovarian cavity and meiotic oocytes from the 40th DPH (29.75 mm TL). Testicular differentiation was identified by the presence of spermatogonial cells with efferent duct also from the 40th DPH. Sex differentiation of the mandarin fish was identified as gonochoristic type.

Quality Characteristics of Pound Cake Prepared with Mandarin Powder (밀감 분말을 첨가한 파운드케이크의 품질특성)

  • Park, Yeong-Sun;Shin, Sol;Shin, Gil-Man
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.15 no.5
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    • pp.662-668
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    • 2008
  • This study investigated the quality of pound cake prepared with various concentrations of mandarin powder. Pound cake was prepared by addition of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% (all w/v) powder to the flour of the basic formulation. The weight of pound cake increased with rising powder concentration. The volume and baking loss decreased with increases in powder. The pH of pound cake decreased with increasing powder concentration. With rising powder concentration, the L value of the crumb decreased but the a and b values increased. The texture, hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and adhesiveness of pound cake significantly increased with increasing powder concentration, but the springiness and cohesiveness significantly decreased. In sensory evaluation, when compared to control, pound cake with 10% (w/v) mandarin powder was superior in taste, flavor, and overall preference.

A New Early Maturing Satsuma Mandarin Cultivar, 'Haryejosaeng' (온주밀감 신품종 '하례조생' 육성)

  • Yun, Su-Hyun;Kim, Sung-Jong;Kim, Han-Yong;Park, Jae-Ho;An, Hyun-Joo;Kang, Sung-Ku;Moon, Young-II;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Lee, Dong Hoon;Koh, Sang-Wook;Kim, Chang-Myung
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.40 no.2
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    • pp.184-187
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    • 2008
  • A new early maturing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) 'Haryejosaeng' was developed as a nucellar seedling selection of 'Tachima Wase' (C. unshiu Marc.) that was crossed with C. natsudaidai Hayata at the National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture in Jeju island in 1992. The 'Jegam ga No. 2', a first selection from the seedlings fruited in 2001 was finally named "Haryejosaeng" through field evaluation trials at three locations in Jeju island from 2003 to 2004. 'Haryejosaeng' produces seedless fruit maturing in early November, and has higher soluble solids and lower acidity than 'Miyagawa Wase', the leading early-maturing satsuma mandarin cultivar in Jeju island. Fruit weight is moderate at about 80~90 g and its shape is compressed-oblate globose with a light orange color. The rind thickness of about 2 mm provides easy peeling. The flesh shows light orange colored and contains 10 to 11 Brix and 1 to 1.1% acidity when mature. Tree shows vigorous growth and spreading thornless twigs. Alternate bearing is similar to 'Miyagawa Wase'. 'Haryejosaeng' is susceptible to citrus scab disease and melanose, but resistant to citrus canker.

Feeding ratio affects growth, body composition, and blood chemistry of mandarin fish (Siniperca scherzeri) in recirculating aquaculture system

  • Kim, Yi-Oh;Oh, Sung-Yong;Lee, Who-Seung
    • Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.219-227
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    • 2021
  • The effects of various feeding ratios on the growth, body composition, and blood chemistry of the juvenile mandarin fish Siniperca scherzeri (initial body weight 9.6 g) were examined in recirculating freshwater system equipped with 21, 300 L tanks at 20 fish per tank. The triplicate groups of seven feeding ratios treatments were prepared: 100% (control), 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, and 70% of satiation. The feed amount of control group was determined by supplying with apparent satiation and then the feed amounts of the other six feeding groups were determined based on the feed amount of the control group. Fish were hand-fed with test diet (55.4% crude protein) for 10 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed to 100% satiation were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from those of fish fed to ≥ 80% satiation but were significantly higher than those of fish fed to 75% and 70% satiation. Feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention of 100% satiation were not significantly different from those of 95% and 90% satiation but were significantly (p <0.05) lower than ≤ 85% satiation. Condition factor, hepatosomatic index, and coefficient variation were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by feeding ratio. Whole body composition and contents of hematocrit, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glucose, total protein, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in blood serum were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the feeding ratio; however, content of total cholesterol tended to decrease as the feeding ratio decreased. Using broken-line analysis of WG, it was suggested that the optimum feeding ratio of juvenile mandarin fish, ranging from 9.0 g to 37.0 g, appeared to be 87.7% of satiation without growth inhibition.

Long-term Elevated Temperature Affects the Growth and Quality of 'Shiranuhi' Mandarin Grown in a Green House (장기간 온도상승이 시설재배 '부지화'의 수체 생장 및 과실 품질에 미치는 영향)

  • Misun Kim;Young-Eel Moon;Sang Suk Kim;Jaeho Joa;Seok Kyu Yun;YoSup Park
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.318-327
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    • 2022
  • BACKGROUND: The mean annual temperature of the Korean Peninsula will continue to rise due to global warming. 'Shiranuhi' mandarin-a late-harvest cultivar-is primarily cultivated in plastic greenhouses where high temperatures cannot be directly avoided. Therefore, growth and fruit quality changes under elevated temperatures must be investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Elevated temperatures were divided into three groups [2℃ (T-I), 4℃ (T-II), and 6℃ (T-III) above the ambient temperature] during the 2019-2020 season. Mean temperatures were 17.1℃, 18.6℃, and 20.2℃ in T-I, T-II, and T-III, respectively. The bud bursts in T-II and T-III were earlier than that in T-I at 7 days and 11 days, respectibely. And the full blooms in T-II and T-III were earlier than that in T-I at 11 days and 23 days, respectively. Fruit size significantly increased with increased temperature. The citrus color index in the coloring phase markedly differed across treatments. Further, total soluble solid and acid contents markedly changed with temperature rise but the sugar-to-acid ratio did not. Sucrose content tended to decrease with increase in temperature, but citric acid content remained unaffected. CONCLUSION(S): Elevated temperature accelerated plant growth and development but delayed rind color development in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin. Therefore, rise in ambient temperature by >4.6℃ may negatively affect yield and fruit quality.

Evaluation of Potential of Mandarin Hybrid 'Shiranuhi' against inoculation of Bacterial Canker Disease Pathogen (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) in Citrus Field in Jeju Island

  • Hyun, Jae-Wook;Myung, Inn-Shik;Lee, Seong-Chan;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Lim, Han-Cheol
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.248-252
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to evaluate potential of Shiranuhi cultivar against inoculation of causal pathogen of citrus canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Jeju Island by comparing degree of susceptibility of fruits and leaves/twigs, and analysis of incidence of canker disease. Progression of symptom, disease incidence, and percent area of lesion were surveyed for evaluation of resistance. In greenhouse condition, symptoms of bacterial citrus canker progressed more rapidly in sweet orange, a moderately susceptible cultivar, than in other four cultivars (satsuma mandarin, 'Kiyomi', 'Shiranuhi' and 'Yuzu'). At 20 days after inoculation, disease severity was the highest in sweet orange (5.0$\pm$0.0), and all tested leaves were distorted or had dropped. On the other hand, 'Yuzu' showed the lowest disease severity (2.6$\pm$0.47), followed by 'Kiyomi' (4.0$\pm$0.0), 'Shiranuhi' (4.0$\pm$0.82), and satsuma mandarin (4.3$\pm$0.47). Percent area of lesion per leaf 30 days after inoculation was the highest in sweet orange (8.31$\pm$1.78), followed by satsuma mandarin (1.51$\pm$1.25), 'Shiranuhi' (1.39$\pm$0.94), and 'Kiyomi' (1.1$\pm$0.9), while the lowest was in 'Yuzu' (0.26$\pm$0.17). Infield condition, percentage of diseased leaf in 'Shiranuhi' was very low, 5.2$\pm$2.9, compared with sweet orange, 71.0$\pm$ 11.5, while that of satsuma mandarin and 'Kiyomi' were 6.9$\pm$7.0 and 4.3$\pm$2.0, respectively. Percentages of diseased leaf was higher (17.4$\pm$7.1) than that of diseased fruit (3.2$\pm$2.5) in severely diseased trees of Shiranuhi cultivar, and the disease was not observed on twig in open field condition. Lesion sizes on leaves and fruits in open field condition were 4.1$\pm$2.2 mm2 and 5.1$\pm$5.6 mm2, respectively, while those in greenhouse condition were 8.7$\pm$5.7 mm2, 10.4$\pm$9.2 mm2 and 5.6$\pm$2.6 mm2 on leaves, fruits and twigs, respectively. The disease was observed in 5.6% out of total 107 farmers Shiranuhi fields under polyethylene film house, and average percentages of diseased tree in 31 fields of Shiranuhi cultivar and adjacent satsuma mandarin fields were 0.02% and 14.8%, respectively. Average percentage of diseased fruit was 1.6% in satsuma mandarin which was not observed in anyone of all the 31 Shiranuhi farmers fields. Therefore, it was concluded that 'Shiranuhi' cultivar is not potential against causal pathogen of citrus canker disease in Jeju Island because the cultivar has similar resistance as satsuma mandarin which occupies over 95% of total 25,000 ha in Jeju Island in polyethylene film houses protected from outside.

Outbreak of Scion Root from 'Shiranuhi Mandarin' Hybrid Tree in Plastic Film House (부지화 감귤에서 자근의 발생)

  • Kang, Seok-Beom;Moon, Young-Eel;Lee, Dong-Hoon;Kim, Yong-Ho;Han, Seung-Gab;Chae, Chi-Won
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.313-317
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    • 2012
  • BACKGROUND: Citrus is usually propagated by grafting onto a rootstock. In Korea, As trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) has dwarf and strong cold hardness, it is widely used as the rootstock of satsuma mandarin. Because 'Shiranuhi' ((Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata), a kind of citrus, also, generally is grafted onto a trifoliate orange, most of farmer has been recognized that 'Shiranuhi' root is naturally trifoliate orange. Meanwhile, reduction of flowering in 'Shiranuhi' orchard has been issued among the farmers and researchers over past few years and they guessed it was occurred by severe prune, oversupply of fertilization, overfruiting and temperature of growth period. However, a few researchers strongly assumed that it would be caused by scion rooting of 'Shiranuhi'. So, this study was carried out to identify the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi' tree in Korea. METHODS AND RESULTS: To identify the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi' tree, we randomly selected six 'Shiranuhi'orchards and we surveyed three to four trees, which flowering was not enough, from six 'Shiranuhi' orchards respectively. We took the root samples of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin, and then separated the two group which were non-scion rooting (Trifoliate orange), and scion rooting ('Shiranuhi' mandarin). To identity the scion rooting, we used primer set of three types which were a F2/R15, F4/R15 and F5/R15 primer set. As a result, when we conducted the DNA analysis, fourteen tree in less bloomed twenty tree was proved as tree with the scion rooting of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin. CONCLUSION(S): Scion roots of 'Shiranuhi'mandarin were usually observed in a deeply planted tree, and xylem of 'Shiranuhi' root indicated more white color than a case of trifoliata orange. 'Shiranuhi' tree by scion rooting was more vigorous but less flowering than trees grafted onto trifoliata orange. When we used F2/R15, F4/R15 and F5/R15 primer set for discriminance of 'Shiranuhi'mandarin root and trifoliate root, we identified the existence of scion rooting in 'Shiranuhi', From our results, it is suggested that the influence of scion root should be reviewed in 'Shiranuhi'orchards.

Characteristics of 'Hongrou Taoye', a Grafted Chimera in Sweet Orange and Satsuma Mandarin

  • Zhang, Min;Xie, Zongzhou;Deng, Xiuxin;Liao, Shengcai;Song, Wenhua;Tan, Yong
    • Horticultural Science & Technology
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.390-395
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    • 2015
  • The synthesis of chimeras is a breeding approach for horticultural crops. In our breeding program, a new diploid citrus chimera, named 'Hongrou Taoye' (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck + Citrus unshiu Marc.), was found arising at the junction where a 'Taoye' sweet orange (C. sinensis) scion was grafted onto Satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu). As an artificial chimera, its fruit traits derived from the L1 cell layer, with juice color and carotenoid complement, in which ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin accumulated predominantly, similar to those of Satsuma mandarin. By contrast, traits originating from the L2/L3 cell layer, including pollen, seed, and rind aroma characteristics, were the same as those of 'Taoye' sweet orange (the scion). SSR and cpSSR analyses showed that both nuclear and chloroplast genomes of the chimera were a combination of both donor parents. 'Hongrou Taoye' thus combined the valuable traits of both donor plants, and therefore has good potential in citrus fresh market.

An analysis on the purchase behavior of environment-friendly fruits: grape and mandarin (친환경 과일의 구입 행위 분석: 포도와 감귤을 대상으로)

  • Kim, Sounghun;Sohn, Chang-Soo;Lee, Ki-Young
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.455-460
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    • 2015
  • Even though many Korean consumers have bought environment-friendly fruits, including grapes and mandarins, farmers and suppliers still have little information about how they make a decision for the actual purchase in the real markets. Without the suitable information of purchase behavior of environment-friendly fruits, farmers and suppliers cannot set up the efficient marketing strategy which can create the better agricultural products for Korean consumers. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consumers' purchase behavior of environment-friendly fruits in Korea. Especially, this study was focused on the grapes and mandarins, through the survey research and the frequency analysis. The results of study in this paper present a few findings useful as follows: First, Korean consumers have the strong concern of environment-friendly agricultural products, including fruits. Second, consumers usually buy environment-friendly fruits by two times per month. Third, consumers generally concern taste, freshness, and food-safety, when they buy environment-friendly grape or mandarin.