• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.154-161
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• 2018

Sedation is a useful behavior management technique for dental patients who may be uncontrollable or have medical problems. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in patterns of sedative treatments in pediatric dentistry by analyzing the distribution of patients and used sedative agents. Patients and sedative agents were reviewed based on the electronic medical records (EMR) of the department of pediatric dentistry in Yonsei University Dental Hospital from 2011 to 2016. The number of patients who were treated under sedation generally increased. Male received more sedation treatment than female by 2014, and they became similar from 2015. The treatment percentage of patients with systemic disease decreased in 2013, remained constantly afterwards. The ratio of sedative treatment for the age 4 - 5 and age 6 - 10 generally increased, while that of the age 0 - 2 and older than age 11 decreased. The ratio of the age 3 remained steady. Nitrous oxide was the most frequently used sedative agent. The use of benzodiazepine increased while the use of chloral hydrate decreased. Although the use of sedation has expanded, multidimensional approaches for ensuring safety have been less focused. Therefore, it is necessary to explore further studies for the safety and efficacy of the use of sedation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 2014

Purpose: At present, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-based concept of tumor biology has been established, and trastuzumab ($Herceptin^{(R)}$; Genentech/Roche, San Francisco, CA, USA), a monoclonal humanized antibody directed against HER2, is a pivotal agent for the management of HER2 positive (HER2+) metastatic breast cancer. It is also known that HER2 has a predictive value in gastric cancer; however, its association with the prognosis of this disease remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the relationship between HER2 overexpression in the tumors of gastric cancer patients, and the prognosis of these patients who have had curative resection. Materials and Methods: A total of 139 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent surgery at the Kosin University Gospel Hospital between October 2011 and March 2012 were included in this retrospective study. All tumor samples were examined for HER2 expression by immunohistochemistry. A retrospective review of the medical records was conducted to determine the correlation between the presence of HER2 overexpression and clinicopathological factors. Results: The HER2+ rate was 15.1%. HER2 overexpression was associated with histological grade (P=0.044) and Lauren classification (P=0.036). There was no significant difference in the 2-year overall survival between HER2+ and HER2- patients (P=0.396). Multivariate analysis showed that HER2 was not an independent prognostic factor. Conclusions: HER2 overexpression in tumors was associated with histological grade and Lauren classification in gastric cancer patients with curative resection. However, HER2 was not an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer in our study.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2004

Background: Some clinical trials have reported that a new analgesic combination of tramadol and acetaminophen provides good efficacy in various pain models. For the more clinical uses of this agent, comparisons about the onset of analgesia and analgesic efficacy in the acute state of pain with the other drugs known as strong analgesics were needed. Purpose: The goal of this study was to compare the times to onset of analgesia and the other analgesic efficacy of 75 mg tramadol/650 mg acetaminophen and 20 mg codeine/500 mg acetaminophen/400 mg ibuprofen in the treatment of acute pain after oral surgery. Patients and Methods: Using a randomized, single-dose, parallel-group, single-center, and active-controlled test design, this clinical study compared the times to onset of analgesia using a two-stopwatch technique and the other analgesic efficacy of the single-dose tramadol/acetaminophen and codeine/acetaminophen/ibuprofen. These were assessed in 128 healthy subjects with pain from oral surgical procedures involving extraction of one or more impacted third molars requiring bone removal. From the time of pain development, the times to onset of perceptible and meaningful pain relief, pain intensity, pain relief, an overall assessment, and adverse events of the study medications were recorded for 6 hours. Results: The demographic distribution and baseline pain data in the two groups were statistically similar. The median times to onset of perceptible pain relief were 21.0 and 24.4 minutes in the tramadol/acetaminophen and codeine/acetaminophen/ibuprofen groups respectively and those to onset of meaningful pain relief were 56.4 and 57.3 minutes, which were statistically similar. The other efficacy variables such as mean total pain relief (TOTPAR) and the sum of pain intensity differences (SPID) were also similar in the early period after pain development and drug dosing. The safety of tramadol/acetaminophen was well tolerated and very comparable to that of codeine/acetaminophen/ibuprofen. Conclusions: In this acute dental pain model, the onset of analgesia and analgesic efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen was comparable to that of codeine/acetaminophen/ibuprofen. These results showed that tramadol/acetaminophen was recommendable for fast and effective treatment in the management of postoperative acute pain.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.273-277
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• 2004

Methotrexate is commonly used in rheumatoid arthritis as an anti-inflammatory agent, but treatment with methotrexate can lead to severe side effects, especially pulmonary complication. Interstitial pneumonitis is one of the most important pulmonary adverse effects of methotrexate and most patient present with a subacute febrile illness and peripheral eosinophilia is seen in about a half of patients. Almost all patients have abnormal chest roentgenograms and bibasilar interstitial infiltration with alveolar pulmonary consolidations is the most characteristic finding. Interstitial inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration is a characteristic pathologic feature and findings that suggest acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis, such as bronchiolitis, granuloma formation with giant cells, and infiltration with eosinophils are often present. Methotrexate-induced pneumonitis is a potentially life threatening and unpredictable complication but it is difficult to make a definite diagnosis in the absence of high index of clinical suspicion. Early recognition and appropriate management may avoid the serious outcome. Herein we report a case of methotrexate-induced pneumonitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.237-246
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• 2020

this paper, a data modeling method based on decision-making conditions is proposed for making combat and battlefield management systems to be intelligent, which are also a decision-making support system. A picture of a robot seeing and perceiving like humans and arriving a point it wanted can be understood and be felt in body. However, we can't find an example of implementing a decision-making which is the most important element in human cognitive action. Although the agent arrives at a designated office instead of human, it doesn't support a decision of whether raising the market price is appropriate or doing a counter-attack is smart. After we reviewed a current situation and problem in control & command of military, in order to collect a big data for making a machine staff's advice to be possible, we propose a data modeling prototype based on decision-making conditions as a method to change a current control & command system. In addition, a decision-making tree method is applied as an example of the decision making that the reformed control & command system equipped with the proposed data modeling will do. This paper can contribute in giving us an insight of how a future AI decision-making staff approaches to us.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6883-6888
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• 2013

Background: Platinum based concurrent chemo-radiation is the de-facto standard of care in the non-surgical management of locally-advanced head and neck cancer of squamous origin. Three-weekly single agent cisplatin at 100 $mg/m^2$ concurrent with radical radiotherapy has demonstrated consistent improvement in loco-regional control and survival. This improvement is however at the cost of considerable hematologic toxicity and poor overall compliance. The routine use of this regime is improbable in developing countries with limited resources. We therefore aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of an alternative regime of weekly cisplatin and concurrent radiotherapy in such patients. Materials and Methods: January-05 and April-12, 188 patients of locally-advanced head and neck cancer of squamous origin were treated with concurrent weekly-cisplatin at $35mg/m^2$ and conventional radiotherapy 60-66Gy/30-33 fractions/5days per week. Results: Overall, 95% patients received planned doses of RT while 74% completed within the stipulated overall treatment time of <50 days. Eighty-two percent received at-least 5 weekly cycles. Grade-III/IV mucositis was seen in 58%/9% respectively, which resulted in mean weight loss of 9.2% from a pre-treatment mean of 54.5 kg. Grade-III hematologic toxicity-0.5%; grade II nephrotoxicity-2.5% and grade III emesis-3% were also seen. Grade-III/IV subcutaneous toxicity-10%/1% and grade-III/IV xerostomia-10%/0% were observed. Complete responses at the primary site, regional nodes and overall disease were seen in 86%, 89% and 83% patients respectively. The median and 5-years disease-free survival were 26 months and 39.4% respectively, while the median and overall survival were 27 months and 41.8% respectively. Conclusions: Weekly-cisplatin at 35 $mg/m^2$ when delivered concurrently with conventional radical RT (at-least 66y/33 fractions) in locally-advanced head and neck cancer is well tolerated with minimal hematologic and neprologic toxicity and can be routinely delivered on an out-patient basis. It is an effective alternative to the standard 3-weekly cisplatin especially in the context of developing countries.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 1996

These experiments were conducted to investigate the ecological characteristics of Amblyseius womersleyi Schica,which was biological agent in the integrated management of tea red spider mite, Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida.At four constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30$^{\circ}$C, the periods of A. womersleyi from egg to adult emergencewere 22.8, 9.6, 4.8, and 3.6 days, respectively. Developmental threshold and effectively cumulative degree-day from egg to adult emergence were 12.7"C and 61.4DD, respectively. Preoviposition periods of A.womersleyi were shorter than oviposition and postoviposition periods. The number of eggs laid per female was21.7, 28.1, 34.2, and 48.0 at the respective temperatures. The intrinsic rates of increase were estimated to be 0.064, 0.139, 0.349, and 0.402; the mean generation times were 36.0, 19.3, 8.6, and 7.7 days; the populationdoubling times were 10.8, 5.0, 2.0, and 1.7 days, respectively. A. womersleyi overwintered on green weeds, fallenleaves and in the soil surface as adult females. A. womersleyi gravid female consumed 3.0, 4.9, 15.7, and19.4 eggs of T. kanzawai per day at 15, 20, 25, and 30$^{\circ}$C, respectively. A. womersleyi protonymph consumed4.6 eggs, deutonymph 6.3 eggs, and female during oviposition consumed 19.4 eggs, and 6.8 eggs of T. kanzawaiduring postoviposition per day at 30$^{\circ}$C. at 30$^{\circ}$C.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2012

Efficacy of different control methods was evaluated for disease management of tomato bacterial wilt caused by $Ralstonia$ $solanacearum$. All six chemical pesticides applied to the bacterial suspension showed $in$ $vitro$ bactericidal activities against $R.$ $solanacearum$. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of copper hydroxide (CH), copper hydroxide-oxadixyl mixture (CH+O), and copper oxychloride-dithianon mixture (CO+D) were all 200 ${\mu}g/ml$; MIC of copper oxychloride-kasugamycin (CO+K) mixture was 100 ${\mu}g/ml$; MICs of both streptomycin- validamycin (S+V) and oxine copper-polyoxine B mixture (OC+PB) were 10 ${\mu}g/ml$. Among these chemical pesticides, treatment of the detached tomato leaves with the 5 pesticides (1 mg/ml), except for OC+PB delayed early wilting symptom development caused by the bacterial inoculation ($10^6$ and $10^7$ cfu/ml). Four pesticides, CH, CH+O, CO+K and S+V, showed disease protection in pot analyses. Six plant essential oils, such as cinnamon oil, citral, clove oil, eugenol, geraniol and limonene, differentially showed their antibacterial activities $in$ $vitro$ against $R.$ $solanacearum$ demonstrated by paper disc assay. Among those, cinnamon oil and clove oil exert the most effective activity for protection from the wilt disease caused by the bacterial infection ($10^6$ cfu/ml). Treatment with cinnamon oil and clove oil also suppressed bacterial disease by a higher inoculum concentration ($10^7$ cfu/ml). Clove oil could be used for prevention of bacterial wilt disease of tomato plants without any phytotoxicity. Thus, we suggest that copper compounds, antibiotics and essential oils have potency as a controlling agent of tomato bacterial wilt.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.287-293
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• 2012

It has been only few years that various contents information subject for information processing system has been remarkably increased in online. If we say the year 2000 is the technology based year when deluge of information and data such as real time sharing, the time since after 2000 until 2011 has been a period plentiful of application based functions and solutions. Also, as the applicable range of these information process systems extends, individual information effluence has been social issues twice in 2009 and 2010. Thus now there are continuous efforts made to develop technologies to secure and protect information. However, the range problem has been extended from the illegal access from outside to the legal access from internal user and damages by agents hidden in internal information process system and client system. Therefore, this study discusses the necessity for the studies on efficiency based information security by control of access to internal information and authority setting for administrator and internal users. Based on the result of this study, it provides data that can be used from SOHO class network to large scale for information security method.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.5177-5182
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• 2012

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitormonotherapy (EFGR-TKIs: gefitinib or erlotinib) with standard second-line chemotherapy (single agent docetaxel or pemetrexed) in previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We systematically searched for randomized clinical trials that compared EGFR-TKI monotherapy with standard second-line chemotherapy in previously treated advanced NSCLC. The end points were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), 1-year survival rate (1-year SR) and grade 3 or 4 toxicities. The pooled hazard ratio (HR) or risk ratio (RR), with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. Results: Eight randomized controlled trials (totally 3218 patients) were eligible. Our meta-analysis results showed that EGFR-TKIs were comparable to standard second-line chemotherapy for advanced NSCLC in terms of overall survival (HR 1.00, 95%CI 0.92-1.10; p=0.943), progression-free survival (HR 0.90, 95%CI 0.75-1.08, P=0.258) and 1-year-survival rate (RR 0.97, 95%CI 0.87-1.08, P=0.619), and the overall response rate was higher in patients who receiving EGFR-TKIs(RR 1.50, 95%CI 1.22-1.83, P=0.000). Sub-group analysis demonstrated that EGFR-TKI monotherapy significantly improved PFS (HR 0.73, 95%CI: 0.55-0.97, p=0.03) and ORR (RR 1.96, 95%CI: 1.46-2.63, p=0.000) in East Asian patients, but it did not translate into increase in OS and 1-year SR. Furthermore, there were fewer incidences of grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, febrile neutropenia and neutrotoxicity in EGFR-TKI monotherapy group, excluding grade 3 or 4 rash. Conclusion: Both interventions had comparable efficacy as second-line treatments for patients with advanced NSCLC, and EGFR-TKI monotherapy was associated with less toxicity and better tolerability. Moreover, our data also demonstrated that EGFR-TKImonotherapy tended to be more effective in East Asian patients in terms of PFS and ORR compared with standard second-line chemotherapy. These results should help inform decisions about patient management and design of future trials.