• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.473-481
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• 1992

To elucidate the applicability of the wide latitude X-ray film for radiographic diagnosis and treatment of diseases in small animals, the quality of the wide latitude film was compared with that of the standard latitude film which is commonly used in veterinary clinic. The images of head, neck, thorax, abdomen, extremities and joints were radiographed with the wide latitude and standard latitude film in fourteen dogs. In soft tissues such as abdominal organs, lung, skin, mammary glands, the clearer and higher contrast of the image was observed on the wide latitude film. And these advantages were more apparent in pneumoeritoneography. Therefore. it can be suggested that the wide latitude film is practically useful for the evaluation of the images of soft tissues, and also can be used on hard tissue radiography with the same quality as the standard latitude film.

• 한국수의병리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수의병리학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
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• pp.29-29
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• 2001

Well bordered solid enlarged 16.7x9.7x8 cm in the size neoplasma was found in a 7-year-old lioness without any clinical signs of diseases in Chonju city zoo and surgically removed. Simple lobes were separated by pale gray yellowish fibrous tissue. The tumor parenchyma was yellowish with numerous cysts, necrotic foci and hemorrhages. Histologically neoplasma was composed of cell nests different in the size and shape with high mitotic activity. Slow invasive spreading on the border was observed. Formation of the narrow ductular lumina bordered the flattened cells leading to keratinization was seen in some places. It was noted by supplemental clinical investigations, that the tumor did not metastasized to other organs. This tumor is considered to be a sample of a malignant tumor without metastatic spreading and was note described in literature yet.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2765-2770
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• 2012

Background: There is a long standing interest in the identification of medicinal plants and derived natural products for developing cancer therapeutics. Here we investigated the antiproliferative properties of Melissa officinalis (MO) from Turkey on breast cancer. Methods: MO extracts were studied for cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231). In vitro apoptosis studies were performed by annexin V staining and flow cytometry analyses. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 and caspase 7 in the tumoral tissue sections of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats was also performed, along with TUNEL assays to detect apoptotic cells. In vivo anticancer activity testing was carried out with reference to inhibition of growth of DMBA induced mammary tumors in rats. Results: MO showed cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines, inducing increase in Annexin-positive cells. Expression of caspase-7 protein and TUNEL positive cells were much higher in rats treated by MO, compared with the untreated control group, while expression of Ki-67 was decreased. Furthermore, in vivo studies showed that mean tumor volume inhibition ratio in MO treated group was 40% compared with the untreated rats. Conclusion: These results indicated that MO extrcts have antitumoral potential against breast cancer.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.277-284
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• 2000

Background: Coronary artery bypases grafting in the old aged is associated with high mortality and morbidity, and it is difficult to perform if the coronary artery is diffusely disease. Recently it has been known that platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), especially PDGF-BB, stimulates angiogenesis. Material and Method: New Zealand white rabbit were used. In an attempt to achieve effevtive cardiac revasculatrization without vascular anastmosis, we divided into three groups(group I : Left anterior descending artery(LAD) was occluded by ligature, group II : Bilateral internal mammary vascular pedicles were dissected and implanted into myocardium, group III : The vascular pedicles were implanted into myocardium and PDGF-BB was injected into the myocardial tissue). Two weeks after IMA implantation, the proximal region of implanted LAD was ligated. Four days after LAD ligation angiogram, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTD) staining and hematoxylin eosin staining were performed. Result: 1. Survival rate in group II was significantly higher than that in group I (P<0.05), and survival rate in group III was signficantly higher than that in group II(53% vs 93%, P<0.01). 2. There were significant differences in the ratio of area of necrosis to area at risk between group I and group II, and between group II and group III (P<0.01). 3. Microangiogram for angiogenic response revealed wide area of extensive revascularization with patent vessels in group III. 4. Histologic findings of three groups showed that polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was minimal in group II and none in group III. Conclusion: PDGF-BB can establish functinal cardiac revasculatization through systemic vessels implanted directly into the myocardium.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2009

In an attempt to simultaneously produce two human proteins, hGH and hG-CSF, in the milk of transgenic mice, we constructed goat $\beta$-casein-directed hGH and hG-CSF expression cassettes individually and generated transgenic mice by co-injecting them into mouse zygotes. Out of 33 transgenic mice, 29 were identified as double transgenic harboring both transgenes on their genome. All analyzed double transgenic females secreted both hGH and hG-CSF in their milks. Concentrations ranged from 2.1 to $12.4\;mg/m{\ell}$ for hGH and from 0.04 to $0.13\;mg/m{\ell}$ for hG-CSF. hG-CSF level was much lower than hGH level but very similar to that of single hG-CSF mice, which were introduced with hG-CSF cassette alone. In order to address the causes of concentration difference between hGH and hG-CSF in milk, we examined mRNA level of hGH and hG-CSF in the mammary glands of double transgenic mice and tissue specificity of hG-CSF mRNA expression in both double and single transgenic mice. Likewise protein levels in milk, hGH mRNA level was much higher than hG-CSF mRNA, and hG-CSF mRNA expression was definitely specific to the mammary glands of both double and single transgenic mice. These results demonstrated that two transgenes have distinct transcriptional potentials without interaction each other in double transgenic mice although two transgenes co-integrated into same genomic sites and their expressions were directed by the same goat $\beta$-casein promoter. Therefore goat $\beta$-casein promoter is very useful for the multiple production of human proteins in the milk of transgenic animals.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.111-127
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• 2005

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang (MS) and Mokhyangsaenghwa-tang plus Cervi Pantotrichum Cornu (MS-C) on postpartum recovery and lactation. Materials and Methods : We used 18-week pregnant Spraque Dawley rats and administered the decoctions of MS and MS-C to rats once a day for 4 days or 8 days. Then we observed changes in the body weight of pup rats and complete blood cell count, liver function test, renal function test, mammary gland tissue, level of serum prolactin, ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP of postpartum rats. Result : A significant increase in body weight was observed in MS-C treated pup rats compared with in MS treated group. The levels of WBC and platelet from MS group and MS-C group were decreased compared with the control group. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit from MS group and MS-C group showed statistically significant increases compared with the control group. The levels of protein, albumin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The levels of BUN, creatinine from MS group and MS-C group did not show statistically significant changes compared with the control group. The mammary gland tissues from MS group and MS-C group showed increased angiogenesis. The levels of serum prolactin from MS group and MS-C group were increased compared with the control group. The expression of ${\beta}-casein$ and WAP genes from postpartum rats treated with MS and MS-C was increased. Conclusion : This study shows that MS and MS-C improved postpartum recovery and lactation in rats.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2009

목적: 유방암 환자에서 부분적 유방절제술 후 내유림프절(internal mammary lymph node: IMN)을 포함하여 방사선 치료하기 위한 최적의 치료 방법을 찾고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 초기 유방암으로 부분적 유방절제수술을 받고 방사선치료를 받은 10명의 환자들의 CT simulation 데이터를 얻어서 각 환자들에서 4가지 치료방법을 계획하고 평가하였다. 5명은 오른쪽 유방을, 나머지 5명은 왼쪽 유방을 치료 받았다. 각 환자에서 유방, 쇄골 상부 림프절(supraclavicular lymph node: SCL), IMN (위쪽 3개의 늑골 사이에 있는 림프절만 포함)을 조사하는 치료계획을 하였다. IMN을 조사하는 방법으로 4가지 방식, 즉 표준적인 접선방향 치료(Standard Tangential Field: STF), 확장접선치료 방법(Wide Tangential Field, WTF), 부분 확장접선치료 방법(Partially Wide Tangential Field: PWT), 광자와 전자를 혼합한 방법(Photon-Electron Mixed 5 Field: PEM)을 사용하였다. SCL field는 3 cm에, 유방조직은 중심점에 50.4 Gy를 28회에 나누어 치료하도록 처방하였다. 결과: 각각의 치료 기법은 환자마다 차이는 있었으나 뚜렷한 특징을 보였다. 유방조직의 선량은 각 치료 기법마다 큰 차이가 없었다. IMN는 치료 기법마다 차이가 있으나 STF를 제외한 세 가지 방법은 대체로 IMN을 잘 감싸고 있었다. 왼쪽 유방을 치료하는 경우 심장이 받는 선량은 고선량 영역에서는 WTF, PWT, PEM, STF의 순으로 많은 체적에 선량을 받았으며 낮은 선량 영역에서는 PEM, WTF, PWT, STF의 순이었다. 동측 폐의 선량 역시 마찬가지의 순서를 보였다. Lyman-Kutcher-Burman model에 의한 방사선 폐렴에 대한 NTCP는 개인별 편차가 컸다. 대체로 STF가 가장 작고 PWT가 다음이었으나 PEM와 WTF의 경우는 환자마다 큰 차이를 보였다. 결론: 환자들의 다양한 체형에도 불구하고 IMN를 포함하여 치료하는 경우 PWT가 폐와 심장의 조사선량을 줄이고 IMN에 표적선량을 전달하는데 적합한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2019

본 연구는 디지털 유방촬영장치의 DBT(Digital Breast Tomosynthesis)와 FFDM(Full Field DigitalMammography)의 비교를 위해 유방조직등가팬텀을 이용하여 두께와 밀도를 변화시켜 선량 및 화질을 평가하여 DBT의 유용성을 평가하였다. 측정 결과 평균유선선량은 팬텀 두께 6 cm이상 밀도 70% 이상일 때, 두께 7 cm이상 밀도 50% 이상일 때 FFDM 보다 DBT가 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. 영상 측정 결과, 섬유소는 DBT에서 우수하다고 측정 되었고, 작은 석회화 그룹과 종양에서는 FFDM 이 우수하였다. 유방의 복잡한 조직과 유사한 BR3D 팬텀에서는 모든 두께와 섬유소, 석회화 및 종양 그룹 모두 DBT 가 우수하다고 측정 되었다. DBT는 FFDM보다밀도가 높고 두께가 두꺼운 두께가 두껍고 밀도가 높은 유방에서 영상 품질 우수하고 낮은 선량을 제공함으로서, 한국 여성의 많은 분포를 차지하는 치밀유방에 더 유용할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권14호
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• pp.5709-5714
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• 2014

Background: An association between alcohol/tobacco use and risk of metastasis in breast cancer has been clearly shown. Materials and Methods: The present study explored, in 48 samples of tissue from mammary ductal carcinoma (taken from Mexican women with an average age of $58.2{\pm}10.9$ years), the association of risk of metastasis with the status of hormonal receptors and the c-erbB2 protein (by immunohistochemistry) as well as clinical, histopathological and sociodemographic factors. Results: Of 48 patients, 41.6% (20/48) presented with metastasis, 43.8% were positive for the estrogen receptor (RE+), 31.3% for the progesterone receptor (RP+) and 47.7% for c-erbB2 (c-erbB2+). The following combinations were found: RE+/RP+/c-erbB2+ 8.3%, RE+/RP+ 22.9%, RE+/RP- 20.8%, RE-/RP+ 8.3%, RE-/RP-/c-erbB2- 22.9% and RE-/RP- 47.8%. There were 12 patients who used alcohol/tobacco, of which 91.6% did not present metastasis and 81.9% were RE-/RP-. Compared to the RE-/RP-/c-erbB2+, the RE+/RP+/c-erbB2+ group had a 15-fold greater risk for metastasis (95%CI, 0.9-228.8, p=0.05). The carriers of the double negative hormonal receptors had a 4.7 fold greater probability of being (or having been) smokers or drinkers (95%CI, 1.0-20.4, p = 0.03). Conclusions: There was a clear protective effect of using alcohol and/or tobacco, in the cases included in the present study of mammary ductal carcinoma, associated with double negative hormonal receptors. However, this association could be due to a protective factor not measured (Neyman bias) or to a bias inherent in the rate of hospitalization (Berkson fallacy). This question should be explored in a broad prospective longitudinal study.

• 의료법학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.265-295
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• 2017

최근 들어서면서 유방에 대한 수술이 종류가 확대술 축소술 재건술로 대별되고 다양해지면서 이에 따른 원치 않은 수술성과에 대한 분쟁이 증가상태에 있으며, 이로 인한 배보상 문제가 최종적으로 대두되면서, '원치 않은 수술성과'를 '수술 후의 문제점' 보다는 "장애'로 보는 관점이 증가되면서, 신체장애 평가에서 유방의 흉부 장기 해당 여부에 따른 노동력상실률이 직접적으로 거론되기에 이에 대한 견해를 발표하고자 한다. 이를 위해, 법령에서 나오는 용어의 사전적 정의 및 의학적 제반 사항을 살펴보았다. 흉부 장기에 유방 포함 여부의 혼란은 용어 선정 후 그 해석이 시대 변화와 맞물려 유발된 것으로 생각된다. 법령에서의 자구 해석을 살펴보면, 유방은 흉부 장기에 해당되지 못함으로 규정된 것으로 사료되며, 수유장애는 낮은 출산율과 실제로 모유수유하는 경우가 현저하게 줄어들고 있는 상황에서 다수의 의견이라고 주장 강조함이 약화되고 있으며, 모유수유를 노동으로 볼 수 있는 유모로서의 직업도 현재 존재하는지 조차 모르는 실정이다. 이런 이유로, 유방을 흉복부 장기 해당 여부에 대한 논란을 잠재우기 위해서, 포함시키려면, (1) 법령집의 용어를 교체하거나(흉복부 장기에서 (ㄱ) 흉복부를 '흉복부 및 흉복강'으로 그리고 (ㄴ) 장기를 '장기 및 기관'으로), (2) 여러 법령에서 용어 변경은 어렵기 때문에, "산업재해보상보험법 시행규칙 [별표 제5호] 신체부위별 장해등급 판정에 관한 세부기준(제48조 관련)"에 유방을 예외적으로 포함시키면 될 것이라고 생각해 본다. 그러나 피부부속기관인 유방을 흉복부 기관 혹은 예외적으로 포함시키면, 당연히 다른 피부부속기관도 포함시켜야 하는 모순관계가 도출되는 문제가 있다고 사료된다. 반면 완전히 배제시키려면, (1) '흉복부'를 '흉복강'으로 하거나, (2) "유방은 제외된다"라는 단서 조항만 삽입하면 될 것이라고 생각해 본다. 법 앞에 만인이 평등하다 하지만 만인 앞에 법이 평등하기 위해서는, 즉 새로운 해석과 판결을 위해서는 사회적인 합의가 있어야 할 것으로 생각된다.