• 음성과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2001

This paper aims to provide preliminary evidence that (at least part of) phonetic phenomena are not simply automatic or arbitrary, but are explained by the functional guidelines, ease of articulation and maintenance of contrasts. The first study shows that languages with more high vowels (e.g., French) allow larger consonantal deviation from its target than languages with less high vowels (e.g., English). This is interpreted as achieving the economy of articulation to a certain extent in order to avoid otherwise extreme articulatory movement to be made in CV syllables due to strict demand on maintaining vocalic contrasts. The second study shows that Russian plain bilabial consonant allows less amount of undershoot due to the neighboring vowels than does English bilabial consonant. This is probably due to the stricter demand on maintaining the consonantal contrasts, plain vs. palatalized, existing only in Russian.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.150-159
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• 2007

Since the 1980's, despite the conclusion of a number of studies in Western countries focusing upon weight maintenance there has been no similar research in Korea which takes into account the contrasts of culture and eating habits between east and west. In order to identify eating, snacking and exercise behaviors, 24 female university students who have maintained weight for at least a year were enrolled fur an 11 day study. Participants were required to sign into the program and complete the questionnaire, answering questions by concerning what they ate and did everyday. After excluding unanswered questions, data over 11 days were exported into the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, then both ANOVA and Kendall's tau correlation were applied with SPSS. 75% of weight maintainers had normal BMI (18-23.5) in relation to Korean standard, and appeared to eat a main meal smaller than moderate in portion size. Only two days showed that amount of breakfast eaten negatively correlated with lunch (p < 0.05), while no correlations between amounts of lunch and dinner eaten over all study period. Compared with breakfast or lunch, dinner was usually larger in portion size, but some variables such as TV viewing, restaurant meals, number of people at dinner table seemed not correlated with amount of dinner eaten. In addition, the weight-maintainers reported they rarely consumed snacks or sweetened beverages. Unlike their western counterparts, ffw participants reported that they took part in regular exercise during the day, which may lead us to the conclusion that these young female weight maintainers seem to maintain their weight with eating behaviours such as 'eat small portion', 'avoid snacking' and 'avoid soft drinks' rather than doing regular exercise. The study did not include a control group, and was foreshortened due to technical difficulties so it may be necessary to repeat the study while considering these two points.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제14권
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• pp.151-174
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• 2001

Theories of international organization have explained the creation, maintenance, and decline of international organization. However, their explanations on changes of international organization have been much more different one another. For example, the theory of hegemonic stability argues that international organization can be created and maintained only by a hegemonic state and will be declined if the hegemonic state decline. On the other hand, the functional approach believes that the positive functions and effects that international organization provides motivate states to create and maintain the organization, while the game-theoretical approach explains international organization based on cost-benefit calculation of rational states. Thus, the empirical evaluation of the arguments of the theories of international organization and defining the major factors that determine international organization are necessary not only for the development of theories of international organization but also for making desirable policies toward international organization. For the purpose, this paper compares and contrasts the three major theories of international organization and applies the approaches to the case of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to test their arguments. Since the ICAO has been rarely examined by the theories of international organization, the case study could be desirable case to evaluate theories of international organization. In this sense, this paper attempts to define the major factors that determine the creation, maintenance, and decline of the ICAO. In particular, since the Korean government has changed its policy for air transport security system recently, it will investigate the role of ICAO on the policy change to define the limits and strength of ICAO. In conclusion, this paper will assess the relative explanatory power of each approach based on the analysis of the creation and changes of ICAO

• STI Policy Review
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2010

The development and maintenance of human capacity in economies is critical to long term competitiveness, but also for the overall health and environment of regions. Yet, human science and technology-based capacity is multidimensional and has interrelated characteristics which present certain policy challenges. This paper addresses a range of issues specific to a discussion on human capacity in S&T. First, the paper emphasizes the importance of acknowledging the complexity of human capacity issues and how they evolve along the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) pipeline. The pipeline is an often used reference to describe the training and development in STEM disciplines, from early childhood education, to more advanced training, and finally to professional collaboration and interaction and serves as a useful organizing framework for the discussion of capacity along the career evolution process. Second, the paper offers an organizing framework for discussion of policy mechanisms that have been developed to address issues and gaps that occur along this STEM pipeline. Specifically, it contrasts the traditional mechanisms of building human capacity in STEM areas with newer "gap filling" and integrated approached to addressed human capacity disparities and priorities. Third, the paper addresses core challenges in human capacity in STEM, including the education and training, participation of women and underrepresented groups, brain drain/brain circulation issues, and the globalization of science. The paper concludes with a discussion of policy implication for the development of human capacity.