• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.399-416
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• 2017

The 'Wat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape' of Laos was designated as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2001. The uppermost structure of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou has been destroyed and being variably damaged, maintenance is required through scientific and systematic diagnosis. The Sanctuary of Wat Phou was constructed mainly using sandstones and bricks. There are physical damages including fracture, break out, exfoliation and interval as well as biological damages by lichen, mosses and weeds. According to the ultrasonic velocity measurement and property evaluation of the sandstones of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou, weathering index of the eastern side sandstones is 0.10 to 0.74 (mean 0.36), showing MW grade. Southern and northern side sandstones have relatively higher properties with average weathering indices of 0.30 and 0.32. The results of slope analysis of the Sanctuary, indicated that the 4th spot in the southern side has the largest slope of $5^{\circ}W$, seemingly due to the unstable ground around the Sanctuary. Based on the relative level measurement and past drawings, the Sanctuary is verified to have been located on ground with a certain slope rather than flatland. The ground of the southern side is inclined $1.51^{\circ}$ more than that of the northern side, which will affect the structural stability of the temple. The interval width of the selected southern spot is the largest with an average width of 159.5 mm, and the largest width is 328.3 mm at the top, since the width increases above rather than below, seemingly due to the unequal subsidence of the ground. Constant maintenance for conservation is required for the structural stability of the Sanctuary in Wat Phou, which was partly collapsed and has also suffered physical damage.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 2005

Cellulose insulation is primarily manufactured from recycled newsprint and treated with fire retardants for the fire resistance. Thanks to the fire retardants, it is not combustible and flammable. In addition to that, Its thermal resistance is much better than that of fiberglass or rock wool. It is made from waste paper and easily decayed when it is demolished, and it has small embodied energy. So it is very environment-friendly building material. For broader use of cellulose insulation in buildings in Korea, it is necessary to test its physical performance to compare the results with the requirements on the Korean Building Code. To this end, apparent thermal conductivity (ka) measurements of Korean-made loose-fill cellulose insulations were recently completed using equipment that was built and operated in accordance with ASTM C 518 and the fire resistance was tested in accordance with ASTM C 1485. Korean loose-fill cellulose has thermal conductivity about 5% greater than the corresponding U.S. product at the same density. This is likely due to differences in the recycled material being used. Both spray-applied and loose-fill cellulose insulation lose about 1.5% of their thermal resistivity for $5.5^{\circ}C$ increase in temperature. The fire resistance of cellulose insulation is increased in linear proportion to the increase of the rate of fire retardant. Thanks to the high fire resistance, cellulose insulation can be used as a substitution of Styrofoam or Urethane foam which is combustible. The thermal conductivity of cellulose insulation was $0.037-0.043W/m{\cdot}K$ at the mean specimen temperature from $4-43^{\circ}C$. It corresponds to the thermal resistance of "Na Grade" according to the Korean Building Code. The effect of chemical content on thermal conductivity was negligible for all but the chemical-free specimen which had the highest value for the thermal conductivity over the temperature range tested. The thermal resistance of cellulose insulation is better than that of fiberglass or rock wool, and its fire resistance is higher than that of Styrofoam or Urethane foam. Therefore it can be substituted for those above considering its physical performance. Cellulose insulation is no more expensive than Styrofoam or rock wool, so it is recommended to use it more widely in Korea.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2009

This survey study was conducted on dental technician school students in April 2008 to investigate the effects of smoking on oral health. 110 male and 39 female students were surveyed and cross analysis was performed to examine the relationship between oral health status and smoking-related and oral health maintenance characteristics of smoking and non-smoking group. T-test and one-way ANAVA was used to analyze the average difference verification of two independent samples(smoking group and non-smoking group) and followings are the results. In general characteristics, 74 male students(74.7%) and 25 female(25.3%) students smoked and the percentage of male students were higher in smoking group. Regarding class grade, 2nd-year students(37 students, 37.4%) and 1st-year students(18 students, 36.0%) took the highest percentage of smoking and non-smoking group, respectively. Concerning the experience of drinking, smoking group consumed more alcoholic beverages(94 students, 94.9%) With respect to the frequency of between-meal consumption, respondents who eat between-meal once or twice smoked more. Respecting preferences of sweet food, respondents who enjoyed sweet food smoked more. Concerning smoking characteristics, many of smoking group had been smoked fo a long time(two to five years) and it was worrisome. About the amounts of smoking, 50 respondents(52.6%) of smoking group smoked 20 cigarettes a day with the highest proportion. With regard to the awareness of harmfulness, 70 respondents(70.7%) considered smoking as very harmful and showed that smoking group were aware of its harmfulness but it was habitualized. Respecting smokers in family members, father was more common as smokers(58 respondents, 58.6%) in family and showed that the influence of father. Main reasons of poor periodontal health were alchoholic consumption, smoking, and oral parafunctional habit(57 respondents, 56.7%) in smoking group and neglect of oral hygiene(21 respondents, 42.0%) in non-smoking group. With regard to the scaling, 80 respondents of smoking group(80.8%) didn't received scaling and showed that more oral health education was required. Regarding the periodontal status, non-smoking group was $1.26{\pm}0.44$, respondents who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, respondents who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, respondents who brush more than three times a day was $1.38{\pm}0.49$ and had better periodontal health. Bleeding during tooth brushing was more frequent in smoking group ($1.51{\pm}0.70$). Regarding mouth order, non-smoking group was $2.34{\pm}0.62$, after scaling was $2.02{\pm}0.76$, patients who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.81{\pm}0.87$. Concerning the experience of dental caries treatment, smoking group was $1.20{\pm}0.40$, patients who do not floss was $1.30{\pm}0.46$, patients who brush once a day was $1.29{\pm}0.45$. With regard to dental prosthesis, non-smoking group was $3.78{\pm}1.62$, patients who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, patients who regularly floss was $1.40{\pm}0.51$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.24{\pm}0.43$. From these results, oral health education and smoking has correlation and more oral health education needs to be carried out to educate students with non-health related majors about harmfulness of smoking on oral health. Also more study are required.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1993

Background: Since an important component of carcinogenesis is unregulated growth, many investigators have reported the methods to detect cell proliferation in tissues including PCNA. PCNA is a 36 Kd intranuclear polypeptide and plays a critical role in cell proliferation. Thus progressive dysregulation of proliferation during carcinogenesis can be directly visualized in the paraffin embedded tissue using immunohistochemistry for PCNA which has an advantage of simplicity and maintenance of tissue architecture. The heterogeneity of PCNA expression is known to be related with proliferating fraction, histologic grade, DNA ploidy, and susceptibility of anticancer drugs, etc. We analyzed the biologic significance of the expression of PCNA in lung cancer tissues. Method: 43 lung cancer tissues, which were resected by surgery and were embedded in paraffin, were stained immunohistochemically by one hour MicroProbe System and the results were corelated with cell type, stage, site and survival. Result: 1) Suamous cell type showed high positivity (89%) than in adenocarcinoma (54%). 2) No significant difference related to tumor stage was noticed. 3) No significant difference between primary site and metastatic site was noticed. 4) No significant difference in 12-month survival between positive group and negative group was noticed. Conclusion: From this study, we concluded that imunohistochemistry for PCNA expression of routinely processed tissue is a simple technique for the assessment of proliferation in non-small cell lung cancer. Whether the labelling index has an independent prognostic value and deserves special attention in pathobiological evaluation in lung cancer remains to be investigated from large series with longer follow-up and to be correlated with multiple biological markers.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.153-159
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• 2012

Purpose: This study aims at evaluating our results with a 5-year follow up of arthroscopic pull-out suture repair of posterior root tear of the medial meniscus. Materials and Methods: This study enrolled 30 cases who underwent a arthroscopic pull-out suture repair to treat the posterior root tear of the medial meniscus from January 2001 to May 2005 and followed up at least 5 years. The average follow-up period was 76 months (range, 60-90 months). Clinical results by use of the Lysholm knee score and radiographic grade by use of the Kellgren-Lawrence classification were evaluated and second-look arthroscopy was done in all cases. The clinical results were compared with trauma history, obesity, varus deformity and time to operation. Results: At the last follow up, the Lysholm knee score improved from 55 points to 86 points. For the radiological results, 23 cases displayed maintenance or improvement of the medial joint space on the follow up X-ray, but 7 cases displayed decrease of the medial joint space, and 1 case was lately performed total knee replacement due to progressive osteoarthritic change. Conclusion: Arthroscopic pull-out suture repair has a good result at 27 cases (90%) in minimum 5 years follow-up. The clinical improvement was significantly reduced in more severe varus angle.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1998

Purpose : To evaluate survival rate and prognostic factors affecting survival of patients with esophageal cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiation. Materials and Methods : Eligibility included biopsy proven invasive carcinoma of the cervical or thoracic esophagus, confined to esophagus and mediastinum with or without regional lymph node and supraclavicular lymph node, and ECOG Performance status $H_0-H_2$. Patients received radiation therapy with 5940cGy over 7 weeks and chemotherapy, consisted of 5-FU(1000 $mg/m^2/day$ in continuous infusion for 5 days, days 1 to 5 and days 29 to 33) and mitomycin C($8mg/m^2$ intravenous bolus at day 1). After concurrent chemoradiation, maintenance chemotherapy was followed with 5-FU(1000 $mg/m^2/day$ in continuous infusion for 5 days at 9th, 13th, and 17th weeks) and cisplatin($80mg/m^2$ intravenous bolus at the first day of each cycle). Results : From November 1989 to November 1995, 44 patients were entered in this study. After treatment, complete response rate and partial response rate were $59\%$ and $41\%$. Overall 1, 2, and 5-year survivals were $59\%$, $38\%$, and $9.6\%$(median 17 months), Prognostic factors affecting survival were response to treatment and T-stage. Among 26 complete responders, there were 6 local recurrences, 3 distant recurrences, 1 local and distant recurrence, and 2 unknown site recurrences Acute and chronic complication rates with grade 3 or more were $20\%$ and $13.0\%$ and there was no treatment-related mortality. Conclusion : Concurrent chemoradiation, compared with historical control groups that treated with radiation alone, improved median survival and did not significantly increase treatment-related complications. Complete responders had longer survival duration than partial responders. Predominant failure pattern was local failure. So, efforts to improve local control should be proposed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.25 no.3 s.39
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• pp.247-268
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• 1992

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of VDT work on eyes and vision among workers in a TV manufacturing plant. The study subjects consisted of 264 screen workers and 74 non-screen workers who were less than 40 years old male and had no history of opthalmic diseases such as corneal opacities, trauma, keratitis, etc and whose visual acuity on pre-employment health examination by Han's test chart was 1.0 or above. The screen workers were divided into two groups by actual time for screen work in a day : Group I, 60 workers, lesser than 4 hours a day and group II, 204 workers, more than 4 hours a day. From July to October 1992 a questionnaire was administered to all the study subjects for the general charateristics and subjective eye symptoms after which the opthalmologic tests such as visual acuity, spherical equivalent, lacrimal function, ocular pressure, slit lamp test, fundoscopy were conducted by one opthalmologist. The proportion of workers whose present visual acuity was decreased more than 0.15 in comparison with that on the pre-employment health examination by Han's test chart was 20.6% in Group II. 15.0% in Group I and 14.9% in non-screen workers. However, the differences in proportion were not statistically significant. The proportion of workers with decreased visual acuity was not associated with the age, working duration, use of magnifying glass and type of shift work (independent variables) in all of the three groups. However, screen workers working under poor illumination had a higher proportion of persons with decreased visual acuity than those working under adequate illumination (P<0.05) . The proportion of workers whose near vision was decreased was 27.5% in Group II, 18.3% in Group I, and 28.4% in non-screen workers and these differences in proportion were not statistically significant. Changes of near vision were not associated with 4 independent variables in all of the three groups. Six out of seven subjective eye symptoms except tearing were more common in Group I than in non-screen workers and more common in Group II than in Group I (P<0.01). Mean of the total scores for seven subjective symptoms of each worker(2 points for always, 1 point for sometimes, 0 point for never) was not significantly different between workers with decreased visual acuity and workers with no vision change. However, mean of the total scores for Group II was higher than those for the Group I and non-screen workers (P<0.01). Total eye symptom scores were significantly correlated with the grade of screen work, use of magnifying glass, and type of shift work. There was no independent variable which was correlated with the difference in visual acuity between the pre-employment health examination and the present state, the difference between far and near visions, lacrimal function, ocular pressure, and spherical equivalent. Multiple linear regression analysis for the subjective eye symptom scores revealed a positive linear relationship with actual time for screen work and shift work(P<0.01). In this study it was not observed that the VDT work decreased visual acuity but it induces subjective eye symptoms such as eye fatigue, blurred vision, ocular discomfort, etc. Maintenance of adequate illumination in the work place and control of excessive VDT work are recommended to prevent such eye symptoms.