• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.119-125
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• 2000

Volatile flavor components of two strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) varieties, Bogyojosaeng and Suhong, ere extracted by SDE(Simultaneous steam distillation and extraction) using a mixture of n-pentane and diethylether (1:1, v/v) as an extract solvent. Analysis of the concentrate by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of 146 and 153 components in Bogyojosaengand Suhong respectively. There were 49 esters, 25 alcohols, 20 ketones, 24 aldehyds, 6 acids, 9 terpenes and terpene derivatives, 2ethers, 11 unknowns and miscelaneous in Bogyojosaeng and 67 ethers, 9 unknowns and miscellaneous in Suhong. Among these, (E)-2-hexenyl acetae (4.56%) in Bogyojosaeng and (E)-nerolidol (12.38%) in Suhong were major compounds and aceticacid, (E)-2-hexenal, hexyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, methyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate and ${\gamma}$-dodecalactone were the main components in each sample, though there were several differences in composition and threshold of volatile compounds. Total contents of volatile components isolated and identified in Bogyojosaeng an Suhong were 9.010 and 12.527 mg/kg, respectively.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2000

To understand the influences of NaCl concentration and fermentation temperature on the ripening process of low salt fermented squids, squid with 5%, 7% and 9% salt were fermented at 10$\^{C}$ and 20$\^{C}$. The result of the changes of volatile basic nitrogen and free amino acids during the fermentation of squids are as follows. As a result of the observations on the changes of physicochemical components during the fermentation process of the low-salted squids, all the pH, VBN and NH$_2$-N were increased and therefore the fermentation was promoted. Considering the changes of net components according to the fermentation, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) lost and could not be detected among the nucleotides and their related compounds. Besides, AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) existed only in the initial stage and inosine, hypoxanthine were the main components of nucleotides and their related compounds. Nonvolatile organic acids are mainly lactic acid, acetic acid and also they occupied more than 80%. Seeing the composition of free amino acid, the major amino acids are proline, arginine, methionine, alanine and glutamic acid.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.473-477
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of removal efficiency for aromatic hydrocarbons using a high-temperature fiber filter on a laboratory scale. The main elemental compositions of a high-temperaure fiber filter are aluminium and silica, which can act as the catalysts. Benzene, toluene and o-xylene among aromatic hydrocarbons were used in this experiment. For 3cm thickness of fiber filter, these compounds were removed more than 90% at the face velocities of 3cm/sec and 5cm/sec above 45$0^{\circ}C$. For 4cm thickness of it, the removal efficiencies of these compounds were almost 90% from 40$0^{\circ}C$ at the same face velocities, suggesting that it may be due to increasing the contact time between the fiber filter and aromatic hydrocarbons. The pressure droop ranged from 22 to 48mmH2O for 3cm thickness of fiber filter. However, for 4cm thickness of it, it was about two times(41~89mm$H_2O$) higher than that for 3cm fiber thickness.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.13 no.1 s.19
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• pp.139-145
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• 2007

Emodin is one of the main active components of a traditional Korean medicine isolated from the root and rhizomes of Rheum palmatum L. In this study, of 222 natural compounds to evaluate the anabolic activities, emodin activated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 promoter in the differentiation process of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Emodin was shown to significantly stimulate the activity and expression of alkaline phosphatase, an earlyphase marker of osteoblastic differentiation, on the differentiation day 7, and induce the osteopontin mRNA expression from the differentiation day 14. In addition, low concentration (up to 5 M) of emodin dramatically promoted the induction of mineralization in MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 cells. The stimulatory effect of emodin on the osteoblast differentiation/mineralization could be associated with its potential to stimulate the BMP-2 gene expression. Although further studies are needed to determine the precise mechanism, this study suggests that the use of herbal medicine containing natural compounds with anabolic activity such as emodin could have a beneficial effect on bone health.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2012

Seasonal variations in the profile and concentrations of essential oil in Zanthoxylum piperitum were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seasonal changes in the percentages of the main constituents of the essential oil of both leaves and fruits from Z. piperitum varied. Variations in essential oil yield and the amount of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in leaves and fruits at different developmental stages were significant. The characteristic content of essential oil in leaves was determined mainly due to the content of monoterpenes, and that in fruits was determined largely due to the sesquiterpenes. Twenty-nine compounds in the oil from Z. piperitum leaves were detected; the major compounds were ${\beta}$-phellandrene (26.90%), citronella (15.32%), ${\beta}$-myrcene (3.24%), ${\alpha}$-pinene (2.79%), trans-caryophyllene (2.66%), and fanesyl acetate (2.30%). The highest yield of oil (43.89%) in Z. piperitum leaves was obtained in May but decreased gradually beginning in June. The yield of essential oil from Z. piperitum leaves during early periods was higher than that during later periods and usually decreased from early maturation stages to subsequent stages. However, in contrast to leaves, the oil yield in Z. piperitum fruit increased in June, and oil yield later in the season was higher than that earlier in the season. These results indicate that the essential oil produced from Z. piperitum leaves at the early developmental stages was stored in leaves, and might be transferred to fruit at the final developmental stages.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the structure of antioxidative constituents and the free radical scavenging effect of the main ingredients from Galla Rhois(Rhus javanica Linne). Antioxidative activities of n-hexane, EtOAc and BuOH extracts of Galla Rhois were similar or even higher than that of natural (tocopherol) or synthetic antioxidant (BHA). It is suggested that major fractions for the antioxidative activity of Galla Rhois were the n-hexane, EtOAc and BuOH extract compartments. In the subsequently experiment, one active compound from n-hexane extract, three active compounds from EtOAc extract and one active compound from BuOH extract were isolated. Their chemical structures were identified as syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid methylester, gallic acid and $1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-galloyl-{\beta}-D-glucose$ on the basis of the speculation of spectral data and chemical reaction. Among the compounds, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid methylester and $1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-galloyl-{\beta}-D-glucose$ showed most potent radical scavenging effect using DPPH method.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2014

A simple GC method with a FID detector was developed in order to determine two main compounds (${\beta}$-sitosterol and lupenone) for Adenophorae Radix. ${\beta}$-Sitosterol and lupenone were analyzed by the gradient thermal ramping method. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas at 108 kPa. The flow rate of gas was 2.0 mL/min; $2{\mu}L$ of filtered sample was injected at a split ratio of 1 : 80. This method was fully validated with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Further, this GC-FID method was applied successfully in order to quantify two compounds in an Adenophorae Radix extract. The GC analytical method for classification analysis was performed by repeated analysis of 59 reference samples in order to differentiate between Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara and 14 Codonopsis lanceolata. The results indicate that the GC-FID method is suitable and reliable for the quality evaluation of Adenophorae Radix.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.125-131
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• 2018

Berries and branches essential oil of Juniperus phoenicea were obtained by electromagnetic induction heating assisted extraction and by hydrodistillation with a yield varied from ($1.2{\pm}0.3$ to $2.4{\pm}0.7%$) and from ($0.6{\pm}0.1%$ to $1.1{\pm}0.1%$), respectively. forty eight compounds were identified representing (97.2 - 99.7%) of the oil. ${\alpha}$-Pinene (40.3 - 67.8%) and ${\delta}$-3-carene (13.5 - 26.8%) were the main compounds in berries and branches essential oils. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by three means: inhibition of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, reducing power and ${\beta}$-Carotene/linoleic acid bleaching. The antioxidant activity of essential oils showed $IC_{50}$ ranging from $67.6{\pm}1.02{\mu}g/mL$ to $131.5{\pm}0.8{\mu}g/mL$ for berries and from $98{\pm}1.25{\mu}g/mL$ to $166.8{\pm}0.29{\mu}g/mL$ for the branches. Berries oil show more potent antioxidant activity compared to branches. This result is supported by the three methods investigated in this work.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2020

In this study, 15 compounds were elucidated from the hot-water extract of Perillae Folium. Fifteen isolates were determined to be protocatechuic acid (1), caffeic acid (2), (R)-rosmarinic acid (3), (S)-shisoflavanone A (4), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (5), scutellarein-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (6), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl(1→2)-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (7), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl(1→2)-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (8), kelampayoside A (9), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (10), 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxyethyl]acrylamide (11), perilloside C (12), perilloside A (13), (6S,9R)-9-hydroxy-megastigma-4,7-dien-3-one-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14) and (6S,9R)-roseoside (15) through spectroscopic evidences. The HPLC analysis revealed that hot-water extract of Perillae Folium contained caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid and glycosides of apigenin, luteolin and scutellarein as main constituents.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.632-639
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• 1996

Most stable conformers of some antiinflammatory fenamates were obtained by conformational free energy change calculations. Conformational energies for the molecules as unhydrate d state were estimated first, and those as hydrated state were calculated then to simulate the molecules in aqueous solution using a hydration shell model. The initial geometries of the molecules were obtained either from X-ray crystallographic data or from homologous molecular fragments. The bond lengths and angles were not varied, but all the torsion angles were varied step by step during the conformational free energy surface searching. The results show that there are several feasible conformations for a compound. And the molecules are somewhat stabilized by hydration (-${\delta}G_{hyd}{\cong}$13 to 16kcal/mole), but the conformations were not changed significantly by the hydration itself. There seems to be a strong tendency of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between imino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen of the compounds. As a result, the carboxyl group cannot be rotated freely, and the rotation of the second aromatic ring is the main reason for the conformational variations of the compounds. The ECEPP force fields via the program CONBIO were used throughout this study.