• Mycobiology
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.201-212
• /
• 2021

Truffles are the fruiting bodies of ascomycete fungi that form underground. Truffles are globally valued, culturally celebrated as aphrodisiacs, and highly sought-after delicacies in the culinary world. For centuries, naturalists have speculated about their mode of formation, and in cultures surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, many species have been prized as a delectable food source. Truffle fruiting bodies form underground and emit a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Truffle volatiles are believed to have evolved to attract animals that disperse their spores. The main VOCs identified from truffles include sulfur compounds, such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS); in addition, 1-octen-3-ol and 2-methyl-1-propanol have been found in most truffle species. Humans use pigs and dogs trained to detect truffle VOCs in order to find these prized subterranean macrofungi. Truffles have pharmacological potential, but until more reliable cultivation methods become available their high price means they are unlikely to see widespread use as medicinals.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.298-302
• /
• 2002

The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and their composition determined capillary GC method with standards. The essential oil content showed significant differences between the two populations on the vegetative organs. The essential oil level of the leaves and roots was considerably higher in the Korean population at full flowering and waxy ripening stage but essential oil content of the roots was significantly higher in the Hungarian taxon at leaf rosette stage. We observed the essential oil accumulation tendency was mianly dependent on plant organs and intra-specific taxon during the vegeation period. Butylidene-phthalide was proved to be the main component of the oil in both population roots (50.9-73.3%), while dimethyl-acetate was showed as a major compound on the over-ground parts (56.7-62.0%). The qualitative composition of the essential oil in the reproductive organs concerning the identified compounds was the same as the vegetative parts with the main component ${\alpha}-phellandrene$ (4.8-28.1%) and butylidene-phtalide (9.7-16.1%), The quantitative composition showed some changes during the ontogenesis phases. Most characteristic ones are the decreasing proportion of dimethyl-acetate (from 7.3% to 1.1%) and the appearance of ${\alpha}-pinene$ (from 0.5% to 1.5%) only after fruit setting in both population.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제55권5호
• /
• pp.398-403
• /
• 2011

Ligusticum chuanxiong (Umbelliferae) is a perennial herb that has been used for invigoration of blood in Korean traditional medicine. It is especially important in gynecological therapy of amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea. In this study, the essential oil of L. chuanxiong was obtained by steam distillation and its main components of L. chuanxiong, Z-ligustilide and butylidene phthalide, were isolated by silica gel column chromatography. We investigated the cytotoxic effects of the essential oil fraction of L. chuanxiong and its main components on MCF-7, HeLa and SK-Hep-1 cell lines by measuring the number of surviving cancer cells after treatment through direct cell counting and MTT analysis, and by examining the morphological changes under the microscope. The essential oil from the rhizomes of L. chuanxiong and its main components showed significant cytotoxic activities for all three tested cell lines. We also observed morphological changes of shrinking and blebbing in the membranes of the three cell lines, depending on the concentration of L. chaunxiong oil or its main components.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2011

Biological characteristics of 5 Zanthoxylum schinifolium (Zs) fruits such as Z1 (early August), Z2 (middle August), Z3 (middle September), Z4 (early October) and Z5 (middle October) according to harvesting time were evaluated. As fruits ripened, average weight of Zs increased from 4.8mg (Z1) to 50.7mg (Z5), while moisture contents decreased from 74.6% (Z1) to 55.2% (Z5). Crude fat contents of the fruits during ripening increased from 1% (Z1) to 10.6% (Z5). The major fatty acids in Zs were palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic (C18:2) acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was a main fatty acid in Z1 and Z2, whereas oleic acid (C18:1) was found as a main one in the other Zs. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to total fatty acids increased from 60% (Z1) to 80% (Z3~Z5) during ripening. Among ripening stages, Z4 had the highest contents of total fatty acids ($3,355{\mu}g/g$) and total unsaturated fatty acids ($2,753{\mu}g/g$). Forty six volatile compounds in Zs were also identified. The major volatile compounds were ${\alpha}-pinene$, ${\beta}-myrcene$, ${\beta}-ocimene$, 2-nonanone, estragole, 2-undecanone, and ${\beta}-caryophyllene$. Major volatile components of Z1 were ${\beta}-ocimene$ (20.8 peak area %) and ${\alpha}-pinene$ (9.7 peak area %). In Z2, estragole (30.1 peak area %) was a main volatile compound, but the contents of ${\alpha}-pinene$ (0.4 peak area %), ${\beta}-myrcene$ (0.3 peak area %), and ${\beta}-ocimene$ (0.6 peak area %) were lower than those in Z1. Especially, estragole used as perfumes and as a food additive for flavor was drastically increased to 91.2 (Z3) and 92% (Z4) as fruits ripened.

• 한국환경보건학회지
• /
• 제47권5호
• /
• pp.384-397
• /
• 2021

Background: With volatile organic compounds (VOCs) containing aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene that can adversely affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems when a certain concentration is reached, it is important to accurately evaluate the source and the corresponding health risk effects. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to provide scientific evidence for the city of Seoul's VOC reduction measures by confirming the risk of each VOC emission source. Methods: In 2020, 56 VOCs were measured and analyzed at one-hour intervals using an online flame ionization detector system (GC-FID) at two measuring stations in Seoul (Gangseo: GS, Bukhansan: BHS). The dominant emission source was identified using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, and health risk assessment was performed on the main components of VOCs related to the emission source. Results: Gasoline vapor and vehicle combustion gas are the main sources of emissions in GS, a residential area in the city center, and the main sources are solvent usage and aged VOCs in BHS, a greenbelt area. The risk index ranged from 0.01 to 0.02, which is lower than the standard of 1 for both GS and BHS, and was an acceptable level of 5.71×10^-7 to 2.58×10^-6 for carcinogenic risk. Conclusions: In order to reduce the level of carcinogenic risk to an acceptable safe level, it is necessary to improve and reduce the emission sources of vehicle combustion and solvent usage, and eco-car policies are judged to contribute to the reduction of combustion gas as well as providing a response to climate change.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.108-114
• /
• 2006

본 연구에서는 다양한 생리적 기능성 외에 우리 국민에게 친숙한 향기를 지닌 냉이를 대상으로 식용 부위에 따른 향기성분을 SDE 및 SPM 방법으로 동시 분석하여 우리나라 고유 방향성 식물자원의 보다 효과적인 활용을 위한 기초 자료를 제시하고자 하였다. SDE 방법으로 포집한 정유 성분과 SPME 방법으로 추출한 headspace 성분간에는 상당한 차이를 보였는데, 정유에는 headspace 성분보다 상대적으로 탄화수소의 함량이 적었고, 케톤류, 알콜류, 에스테르류 및 유기산류의 함량이 높았다. 특히 phytol은 잎의 정유에서, ethyl acetate는 뿌리의 정유에서 상당이 높게 확인되었다. 냉이 특유의 향기에 기여하리라 추정되는 함유 황 화합물은 정유에서 높게 나타났다. 냉이의 정유 성분에는 알코올류와 유기산류의 함량이 특히 높은 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 ph발of과 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid에 기인하였다. 냉이 headspace에는 다량의 탄화수소류가 함유되어 있었고, 에스테르류 및 유기산류의 함량을 미량으로 확인되었다.

• 전기학회논문지
• /
• 제56권9호
• /
• pp.1561-1565
• /
• 2007

According to thermal degradation on power transformers, it is known that electrical, mechanical and chemical characteristics for power transformer's oil-paper are changed. In the chemical property, especially, when the kraft paper is aged, the cellulose polymer chains break down into shorter lengths. It causes decrease in both tensile strength and degree of polymerization of paper insulation. Also the paper breakdown is accompanied by an increase in the content of various furanic compounds within the dielectric liquid. It is known that furanic components in transformer oil come only from the decomposition of insulating paper rather than from the oil itself. Therefore the analysis of furanic degradation products provides a complementary technique to dissolved gas analysis for monitoring transformers when we evaluate the aging of insulating paper by the total concentration of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide dissolved in oil only. Recently, the analysis of furanic compounds by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) using IEC 61198 method for estimating degradation of paper insulation in power transformers has been used more conveniently for assessment of oil-paper. It is know that the main products which is produced by aging are 2-furfuryl alcohol, 2-furaldehyde(furfural), 2-furoic acid, 2-acetylfuran, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde. For investigating the accelerated aging process of oil-paper samples we manufactured accelerating aging equipment and we estimated variation of insulations at $140^{\circ}C$ temp. during 500 hours. Typical transformer proportions of copper, silicon steel and iron have been added to oil-paper insulation during the aging process. The oil-paper insulation samples have been measured at intervals of 100 hours. Finally we have analyzed that 2-furoic acid and 2-acetylfuran products of furanic compounds were detected by HPLC, and their concentrations were increased with accelerated aging time.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.220-228
• /
• 2004

Tenax-TA와 동적 headspace 향 포집방법을 이용하여 볶음들기름의 향기성분을 농축하였다. 이때 반응표면분석법을 이용하여 Tenax-TA에 결합한 향기성분의 탈착에 의한 손실을 최소화하고 휘발성이 낮은 화합물의 포집 효율을 극대화시키는 최적조건을 결정하였다. 독립변수로 향 포집 온도와 시간 및 시료량을 설정하였고 총 peak 면적, 탈착율, 휘발성이 가장 낮은 화합물인 perilla ketone의 면적을 종속변수로 하였다. 등고선 그림을 겹친 결과 0.6 g의 볶음들기름을 48$^{\circ}C$에서 12분 동안 포집시키는 것이 최적조건이었으며 Tenax-TA에서 탈착되는 주요한 휘발성 화합물은 2-propanone, 2-butanone, acetic acid 및 2-methyl propanal이었다.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.235-248
• /
• 2014

The widespread occurrence of dissolved endocrine disrupting compounds(EDCs) and pharmaceutical active compounds(PhACs) in water sources is of concern due to their adverse effects. To remove these chemicals, adsorption of EDCs/PhACs on granular activated carbon(GAC) was investigated, and bisphenol A, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and sulfamethoxazole were selected as commonly occurring EDCs/PhACs in the aquatic environment. Various adsorption isotherms were applied to evaluate compatability with each adsorption in the condition of single-solute. Removal difference between individual and competitive adsorption were investigated from the physicochemical properties of each adsorbate. Hydrophobicity interaction was the main adsorption mechanism in the single-solute adsorption with order of maximum adsorption capacity as bisphenol A > carbamazepine > sulfamethoxazole > diclofenac > ibuprofen, while both hydrophobicity and molecular size play significant roles in competitive adsorption. Adsorption kinetic was also controled by hydrophobicity of each adsorbate resulting in higher hydrophobicity allowed faster adsorption on available adsorption site on GAC. EDCs/PhACs adsorption on GAC was determined as an endothermic reaction resulting in better adsorption at higher temperature ($40^{\circ}C$) than lower temperature ($10^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.176-180
• /
• 2005

방향족 Schiff base 메소제닉 단위와 폴리메틸렌 유연격자로 이루어진 한 계열의 주사슬 액정중합체와 네 계열 화합물의 액정성을 살펴보았다. 이들의 열적 성질과 액정성은 시차 주사 열분석기와 가열판이 부착된 편광현미경에 의하여 조사하였다. 중합체와 화합물 액정상의 성질은 중앙 폴리메틸렌 유연격자와 말단 알콕시기의 길이에 크게 의존하였다. 중합체 I과 계열 III 화합물은 녹는점과 등방성액체화 전이온도에서 짝수-홀수 효과를 보여 주었으나 계열 II와 IV 화합물은 등방성액체화 전이온도에서만 짝수-홀수 효과를 나타내었다. 편광현미경을 통하여 이들의 광학구조를 관찰하였을 때 네마틱과 스멕틱 액정상을 형성하였다.