• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.702-709
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• 2020

Objectives: Hand sanitizer is made with ethyl alcohol as the main ingredient. Problems related to the use of hand sanitizers and cases of harm caused by the use of hand sanitizers are occurring. This study investigated the usage behavior and recognition level of people using hand sanitizer and identified the chemical components listed in the component label of hand sanitizer. In addition, the methanol and isopropanol contained in hand sanitizer were quantified using HS-GC-MSD. Methods: The investigation of the behavior and recognition of hand sanitizer usage was conducted through a survey of 143 college students and adults. The components marked on 34 types of hand sanitizers were investigated, and methanol and isopropanol concentrations were analyzed using the HS-GC-MSD method. Results: According to the survey, 57% of respondents use hand sanitizers two to three times per day, 92.3% of them do so when in public places and 41.3% of them do so at home. Ethanol, purified water, carbomer, glycerin, and triethanolamine were the ingredients listed in the hand sanitizer. Among the 34 samples, methanol and isopropyl alcohol were detected in 33 samples, the concentration range for methanol was ND-567 ppm, and the concentration range of isopropyl alcohol was ND-2121 ppm. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that hand sanitizers are being used constantly every day, and methanol, which is not included in the marked content, was detected in a significant concentration compared to wet tissue. It has been found that maintenance of hand sanitizer manufacturing standards and training on how to use them are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.263-270
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• 2021

Allium Hookeri is a plant of the genus Allium, and prior research has been conducted on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial, but studies on essential oil extraction are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, GC-MSD was performed by extracting essential oils for Allium Hookeri leaves, roots, and whole parts. The cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of Allium Hookeri leaves were confirmed to confirm their potential as a cosmetic material. The yield of essential oil extraction from Allium Hookeri leaves, roots and whole parts was found to be 0.01, 0.02, 0.01%. As a result of analyzing the aroma components of GC-MSD, the main components of essential oil of Allium Hookeri leaves were Diallyl trisulfide (34.02%) and Methyl allyl trisulfide (25.14%). At a concentration of 10%, where cytotoxicity was not confirmed, 39.69% inhibition of NO production and 88.26% of DPPH radical scavenging activity were shown. Through this, the Allium Hookeri essential oil presents the possibility of being useful as a raw material with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2021

Background: Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genetic mutations in patients affect their response to drugs. Pharmacogenomic studies aim to maximize drug effects and minimize adverse drug events. The Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicine Agency published guidelines for pharmacogenetics in 2005 and 2006, respectively; the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety followed suit in 2015. Methods: This study analyzed pharmacogenomic information in the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety's integrated drug information system to evaluate whether domestic pharmaceutical products reflect the current research on pharmacogenomic differences. Results: In June 2020, the Korean pharmacogenomic database contained genomic data on 90 compounds. Of these, 45 compounds were classified as "Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents." The other 45 non-antineoplastic agents were in the following categories: Anti-infectives, Mental & behavior disorder, Hormone & metabolism related diseases, Cardiovascular system, Skin & subcutaneous tissue disease, Genito-urinary system and sex hormones, Blood and blood forming organs, Nervous system, Alimentary tract and metabolism, Musculo-skeletal system, and Other conditions including the respiratory system. In addition, 30 additives unrelated to the main ingredient were associated with genetic precautions. Conclusion: This study showed that antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents accounted for half the drugs associated with pharmacogenetic information. For antitumor and immunomodulatory drugs, genomic tests were recommended depending on the indication; this was in contrast to genomic testing recommendations for non-antineoplastic medications. Genomic tests were rarely requested or recommended for non-antineoplastic medications because the relationships between genotype and efficacy among those drugs were relatively weak.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.391-401
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• 2020

Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds derived from plants metabolites and are known to be capable of controlling various human physiological functions. Among them, fisetin (3,3', 3', 7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is found in various fruits and vegetables, and it has been recently known to restore the function of certain tissues through senolytic activity. In this study, targeting human epidermal keratinocytes, control of skin barrier genes and antioxidant efficacy of fisetin were analyzed. Fisetin increased the activity of telomerase and decreased the expression of CDKN1B. In addition, it increased the expression of KRT1, FLG, IVL, and DSP, which are main genes that make up the skin barrier. The fisetin also increased the expression of CerS3 and CerS4 genes, which are forms of ceramide synthases. These results show that the efficacy of fisetin is not limited as senolytics but is also involved in various physiological regulation of human keratinocytes. Therefore, we consider that fisetin could be used as an active ingredient in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2021

Silkworm pupae have been utilized as a food source and have high-quality proteins and fatty acids. However, studies on the nutritional composition of pupae according to their variety, developmental stage, and sex have not been conducted. In this study, the nutritional composition of four Korean silk varieties (Baegokjam, BG; Goldensilk, GS; Juhwangjam, JH; and YeonNokjam, YN) were analyzed according to developmental stage and sex. The main ingredient of the pupa was protein, and the protein levels were higher in females than in males. Fat levels were high in males and increased in YN and GS during the late stage but decreased in BG. Fiber content rapidly increased in the late stages, and the lowest content was observed in BG. The pupae contained all essential amino acids, which were detected at higher ratios in females with a high protein content. Fatty acids had a different predominance depending on the variety. Oleic acid level was high in BG, linoleic acid and linolenic acid levels were high in GS, and palmitic acid and stearic acid levels were high in JH. In the mineral analysis, zinc was dominant in BG, whereas calcium and iron levels were relatively low. Zinc level was low in GS, and calcium and magnesium levels were high in JH. Potassium, sodium, magnesium, and phosphorus levels were low in YN. The silkworm pupae showed differences in components according to their variety, sex, and developmental stage; therefore, selecting a variety suitable for its purpose is necessary.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.39-53
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• 2022

Ginsenoside Rb₁ (Rb₁), one of the most important ingredients in Panax ginseng Meyer, has been confirmed to have favorable activities, including reducing antioxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, regulating cell autophagy and apoptosis, affecting sugar and lipid metabolism, and regulating various cytokines. This study reviewed the recent progress on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Rb₁ against cardiovascular and nervous system diseases, diabetes, and their complications, especially those related to neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial ischemia, hypoxia injury, and traumatic brain injury. This review retrieved articles from PubMed and Web of Science that were published from 2015 to 2020. The molecular targets or pathways of the effects of Rb₁ on these diseases are referring to HMGB1, GLUT4, 11β-HSD1, ERK, Akt, Notch, NF-κB, MAPK, PPAR-γ, TGF-β1/Smad pathway, PI3K/mTOR pathway, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, Nrf2/ARE pathway, and MAPK/NF-κB pathway. The potential effects of Rb₁ and its possible mechanisms against diseases were further predicted via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and disease ontology semantic and enrichment (DOSE) analyses with the reported targets. This study provides insights into the therapeutic effects of Rb₁ and its mechanisms against diseases, which is expected to help in promoting the drug development of Rb₁ and its clinical applications.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.858-866
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• 2022

The present study investigated the chemical composition, and antioxidant and physiological activities of the Korean marine algae, Codium fragile. The solvent extracts from C. fragile were prepared using 70% ethanol, 80% methanol, and distilled water. Based on the general chemical composition, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and moisture were 74.22%, 16.73%, 0.66%, 4.39%, and 4.00%, respectively. Calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were the main minerals. The extraction yield range of the solvent extracts was 3.51-9.76%. The ranges of total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were approximately 10.97-13.76 mg/g and 8.00-8.69 mg/g, respectively. The ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical scavenging activity, reducing power and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) activities were the highest in the ethanol extract, while methanol extract exhibited the strongest nitrite oxide scavenging activity. On the other hand, tyrosinase, elastase, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the ethanol and methanol extracts were higher than those of the water extract. Furthermore, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest β-secretase inhibitory activity. The results indicate that C. fragile can be used as an antioxidant and a functional ingredient in food and pharmaceutical products.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.19-28
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• 2022

Objectives : To develop natural ingredients that help prevent or treat anti-inflammatory-related diseases and use themas basic data, we investigated anti-inflammatory activity of Cynanchi Atrati Radix Et Rhizoma water extracts(CWE) in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells. Methods : The cell viabilities were evaluated with RAW 264.7 cells. The production of nitric oxide(NO), prostaglandin E2(PGE2), pro-inflammatory cytokines such tumor necrotic factor(TNF)-α and interleukin(IL)-6 were assessed in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell treated with CWE. Furthermore, the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) were assessed by western blotting. Results : In RAW 264.7 cell, the cell viability by CWE treatment was more than 98.4% at a concentration of 100-400 ㎍/mL. At a concentration of 800 ug/ml of CWE, the cell viability was as low as 86%. At doses of 100, 200 and 400 ㎍/mL, CWE inhibited the production of NO, PGE2, TNF-𝛼 and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner and also decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 from LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, CWE significantly inhibited the MAPK pathway including decreased the phosphorylation of the p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK1/2). Conclusions : Our study provides evidence that CWE inhibits the production of main pro-inflammatory molecules in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells via expression of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. Therefore, CWE is expected to be widely used as a natural ingredient for anti-inflammatory functional foods or pharmaceuticals in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.598-606
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• 2010

Kimchi is the most well-known Korean traditional food, but it is also the main leftover of school lunch and dinner menus. This study aimed to familiarize teenagers with kimchi through school meals and to increase their daily kimchi intake, ultimately by appealing to the young generation's taste. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Ansan area to examine student's acceptability of kimchi and their attitudes toward kimchi. Approximately 65% of males and 67% of female students liked the moderately fermented and pungent taste of kimchi. Kimchi served in school meals was regarded as nutritional but cheap. Approximately 72% of male and 82% of female students responded that they liked menu items using kimchi. Approximately 48% of students responded that menu items using kimchi in schools are not diverse. Students preferred meat as an ingredient in kimchi. The preferred cooking methods were stir-frying and frying, whereas boiling was the least favorite. Based on the survey results, ten kimchi menu items had been developed. The suitability of the menu was evaluated by students and cooks. Six kimchi items, including Kimchi mixed with rice, chicken, soybean sprouts, Kimchi cheese rice, stewed beef ribs with kimchi, rice topped with kimchi curry, kimchi cheese meat roast, and kimchi udong were considered appropriate for school meals, whereas kimchi kangchong, kimchi topokki, kimchi stew with surimi, and frozen Pollack kimchi soup were not suitable as menu items. Kimchi topokki was not accepted by students, while kimchi kangchong was not accepted by cooks. Cooks judged the suitability of a menu item by the cooking process and cooking times, whereas students judged an item by its sensory preference. Approximately 63% of students responded that kimchi intake has increased by participating in the development of kimchi dishes.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.303-313
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• 2022

In this study, the extracted oils and commercial oils (Clarisse) were analyzed after GC-MSD fragrance component analysis for each natural essential oil obtained through steam distillation extraction (cypress, seokchangpo, lavender) of a total of three plants grown and grown in Jangheung area. Easy, cinnamon, frankincense) was combined to confirm cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and whitening effects, confirming its potential as a cosmetic material. As a result of the analysis of fragrance components, sabinene was identified as the main component of cypress oil, asarone in seokchangpo oil, and L-Linalool in lavender oil. At a concentration of 100 𝜇L/mL with no cytotoxicity of 6 essential combination oils, NO production was inhibited by 27.76%, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 99.69%, ABTS radical scavenging activity was 94.66%, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity was 55.9%. Possibility of being useful as a raw material for functional cosmetics was presented.