• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.905-917
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• 2018

The sovereign state has the right to engage in self-defense or war with the approval of the Security Council when it receives an invasion of territory from a foreign country. War is conducted under the principle of the necessity and proportionality of self-defense. In case of cyber attack, proportional countermeasure must be made through attack means and effect analysis, and cyber weapons need to be classified for this purpose. Therefore, this study aims to provide a rational and legitimate response according to the necessity and proportionality of the self - defense right by suggesting definition and classification criteria of cyber weapons. In this study, cyber weapons were defined as "means of collecting, attacking, and protecting information using cyber technology in the cyber space according to military objectives. Based on existing weapon systems and public cyber weapons cases, cyber weapons were classified as (1) cyber weapons for information gathering, (2) cyber weapons for attack, and (3) cyber weapons for protection. We suggest the considerations for applying the proportional response according to this functional classification. In order to guarantee the principle of proportionality to cyber attacks in the future, the classification study based on the cyber weapon effect should be conducted. This study has conducted an exploratory study on the classification of cyber clusters which constitutes one axis of the proportionality principle.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.116-131
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• 2022

With the recent progress of the 4th industrial revolution, the logistics industry is also making efforts to introduce smart logistics, and various attempts are being made to spread logistics informatization, which is the core of smart logistics. Among these, blockchain technology is considered as a technology that will contribute to the spread of logistics informatization and is being applied to various fields. Accordingly, in this study, to discuss the applicability of blockchain technology to the logistics industry, the characteristics of blockchain technology were defined, related cases were reviewed, and a survey was conducted on the possibility of application in the industry. Blockchain technology can be defined as having the characteristics of economic feasibility, speed, transparency in terms of work efficiency, and scalability, decentralization (decentralization), reliability (security) in terms of added value creation. It was confirmed that many are being introduced in the fields of distribution, finance, personal information, and public services. As a result of the survey on the logistics industry, it was confirmed that the level of informatization of the logistics industry had entered the stage of generating profits by using information, but the industry was passive in sharing and utilizing information due to concerns about information leakage. Nevertheless, the awareness and expectation of the need for informatization is high, and it is expected that the informatization of the logistics industry and realizing smart logistics based on it will advance one step further with the introduction of blockchain technology in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.33
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• pp.155-206
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• 2012

Interests in archives management are getting expanded from the public sector into the cultural and artistic field for the ten years after legislation of "Act on the Management of Public Archives" in 1999. However, due to lack of recognition on the importance of archives in the cultural and artistic field, it is rather frequent that information is kept scattered or archives are lost. As an example, absence of precise contract documents or notes of bestowal keeps people from locating great amount of cultural properties, and because of it these creative properties are in the risk of thefts, the closed-door auctioning, or trades in unofficial channels. As how a nation manages cultural and artistic creation inside the nation reflects its cultural level, it can be said that one of the indexes to notice the extent of a nation's cultural level is to take a look at how they are circulated. This study started from this point. Growing economy and rising interests in culture and art made the society more cognizant of the importance and value that visual artworks have, but the archives and information which are showing the context of these artworks and are produced in the course of social interaction are relatively disregarded because too much emphasis lies on the work itself. It is harder to find archives or documentations in Korea than in other advanced countries about the artists themselves or philosophical discourse on the background of the artworks. There is not so much interest to preserve the archives and information produced after the exhibition also, and they are used for no more than promotion or reference. Hereupon, the researcher recognized the importance of visual arts archives and believed that systemic management on them are high in need. And metadata is an essential way for the systemic management, as recently management on artworks or their archives are conducted using the system of the agencies even though they are not produced electronically. The objective of this study is to manage visual arts archives systematically by designing a data model reflecting traits of visual arts archives. Metadata are needed in the every course of archives from acquisition to management, preservation and application. Visual arts archives find its rich value only when a systemic relationship is established among information on artist, artwork and events including exhibition. By establishing a Multiple Entity Data Model, in which artworks, artists and events (exhibitions) make relationship all together, metadata for management on visual arts archive gets more efficiency and at the same time explanatory trait of the archive gets higher. For this reason we, in the study, tried to design a data model by setting each as an independent entities and designating relations between them, in order to find a way to manage visual arts archives more systematically.

• Korean Journal of Forensic Psychology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.135-153
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• 2020

Identifiable victim effect refers to the tendency of greater sympathy and helping behavior to identifiable victims than to abstract, unidentifiable ones. This research tested whether this tendency also affects third-party's punishment and compensation judgments in jury context for public's legal judgments. In addition, through the Identifiable victim effect in such legal judgment, we intended to explain the effect of 'the bill named for victim', putting the victim's real name and identity at the forefront, which is aimed at strengthening the punishment of related crimes by gaining public attention and support. To do so, we conducted experiments with hypothetical traffic accident scenarios that controlled legal components while manipulating victim's identifying information. In experiment 1, each participant read a scenario of an anonymous victim (unidentifiable condition) or a nonanonymous victim that included personal information such as name and age (identifiable condition) and made judgments on the degree of punishment and compensation. The results showed no effect of identifiability on third-party's punishment and compensation judgments, but moderation effect of BJW was obtained in the identifiable condition. That is, those with higher BJW showed greater tendency of punishment and compensation for identifiable victims. In Experiment 2, we compared an anonymous victim (unidentifiable condition) against a well-conducted victim (positive condition) and ill-conducted victim (negative condition) to test the effects of victim's characteristics on punishment for offender and compensation for victims. The results showed lower compensation for an ill-conducted victim than for an anonymous one. In addition, across all conditions except for negative condition, participants made punishment and compensation judgments higher than the average judicial precedents of 10-point presented in the rating scale. This research showed that victim's characteristics other than legal components affects third-party's legal decision making. Furthermore, we interpreted third-party's tendency to impose higher punishment and compensation with effect of 'the bill named for victim' and proposed social and legal discussion for and future research.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-110
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• 2001

An image exists in the thought of every subjective person and it exercises its influence over everything, having a great power in the real world. An positive image of the nurse has an influence on her faith, value and confidence, therefore increasing her job satisfaction, helping to upgrade her level of profession of nursing through qualitative nursing service as a result, considering the necessity of such an image when it comes to improvement of the profession, the confirmation of the image is indispensable to its evaluation of a speciality in nursing. This study is intended to help that improvement of the nursing profession in the present so that the total effort in every field of nursing is made and to offer basic material for developing a strategy to improve the image of nurses. This study is designed to investigate such an image descriptively. The subjects include 105 nurses, 60 doctors, 68 office workers, 88 medical engineers, 127 patients and there protectors with a total of 448 adapted with accidental sampling, who work at Y and W general hospital in Chonju. The measuring instrument consists of 40 question, with the researcher amended and made from on of Inja Song(1993), Donsoon Lee(1995), Ilsim yang(1998), and its Cronbach's alpha coefficient is .95. Data were collected from March 1 2000 to March 20, 2000 using self-reported questionnairs, analyzed with SPSS WIN 7.5 after encoding. The results are as follows: 1. Most of the subjects thinks the nursing as a hard, stressful, always busy job(more than 75%), and consider nurses as good-looking, supportive and responsible to co-workers to above average degree($50.0{\sim}74.9%$), especially it shows the idea that nursing is independently academic job and has come to fasten itself upon the public. But it shows below the everage($25.0%{\sim}49.9%$) in regard to self development as a specialist, affection for there job, an association activity, service to the community, high intelligence level and direct given patient nursing service. It also rated low as a recommendable job, independently nursing accomplishment, social position. 2. The nurses, patients and there protectors expressed more positive opinions than doctors, medical engineers, office workers about the image of the nurse(F=18.80, p=.00). This fact indicates that the former group evaluated the image similarly contrary to lowness of the latter. 3. In the study on what influenced upon the image, it defines to 79.8% by direct contact in the hospital or acquaintance with nurses, and 16.3% by mass media. 67.3% answered that they saw the image in a new light through hospitalization, which suggests an important source for the image management originates from caring for the quality of nursing service. Considering the evaluation of the image above, we need strategies to lead a unique professional knowledge and technological development, insurance of professional self-determination, high social position, participation in group activities, dedication to lifetime job, in order that nursing comes to expand as a professional occupation. Also, as for generating more positive images, we must take the quality of nursing service into account and offer and monitor correct information about the expanded role and function of the nurse continuously so that mass media reflect a more accurate image of nurses in general.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.231-240
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between life style and health status of the staffs of an elementary school to understand exercise practices and life styles and to analyze the self-efficacy and the factors that affect it concerning walking exercise. The subjects were m9 staff member of the 10 elementary school in Seoul and materials were collected through an organized examination table from October, 1999 to May 2000. The people health awareness table was used as a variable for life style, the 13 questionnaires made of a 5 points measure was for the self efficacy concerning walking exercise. The data was analyzed through a statistics package made of a Chisquare-test, t-test, ANOVA and a regression analysis. The major results of this study were as follows; 1) 50% of the staffs were practicing regular exercise, 3/4 of them practiced walking, jogging and mountain climbing that don't need equipment and exercise frequency was 1-2 times per week 64%. of the time and exercise span was under 30 minutes in 38%, the highest 2) The average of self-efficacy concerning walking exercise was 3.6 points but the answers "I can walk enough to be in a sweat", "I can walk according to my exercise plan" were relatively low. 3) The explanation degree of the Model was 14% in a regression analysis between self efficacy concerning walking exercise and as a dependent variable for a regular walking exercise plan, regular health examination, routine health status, and breakfast might serve as an explanation degree. According to the results of this study, the suggestions were as follows: 1) The chronic invalid was not enough in the change of life style after chronic disease, most of all, it need the awareness of change, of active health education and of public information for health promotion action practice through the prohibition of smoking, abstinence from drink, exercise and nutritional balance. 2) Concrete practice program enlargement is needed to enhance related walking exercise or of a type lecture meeting for subjects who have a positive attitude about walking exercise plans. 3) A program that can actively recommend a health promotion life style is needed when we make allowance for those who have an ordinarily healthy life style and show a high walking exercise self-efficacy.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.163-168
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• 2018

Objectives: Due to their developmental characteristics, adolescents have a higher probability than other age groups of experiencing injuries caused by accidents, violence, and intentional self-harm. The severity and characteristics of injuries vary by the intentionality and mechanism of injury; therefore, there is a need for a national-level estimate of the scale and the severity of injuries in adolescents that takes these factors into account. Methods: By using data from the Emergency Department-based Injury In-depth Surveillance Data, National Emergency Department Information System, the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-depth Injury Survey, and cause of death statistics, we calculated the emergency department (ED) visit rate, hospitalization rate, and death rate of injuries per 100 000 adolescents for each injury mechanism. The calculated rates were used to generate the injury pyramid ratio (ratio of death rate to hospitalization rate to ED visit rate) to visualize the scale and the severity of the injury. Results: The mortality rate in adolescents due to injury was 10/100 000; the corresponding rates for hospitalization and ED visits were 1623 and 4923, respectively, resulting in an injury pyramid ratio with the general pyramid form, with a 1:162:492 ratio of deaths to hospitalizations to ED visits. The mortality rate due to suicide/intentional self-harm was 5/100 000, while 35 were hospitalized for this reason and 74 made ED visits. The pyramid ratio of 1:7:15 for intentional self-harm/suicide showed a steep pyramidal form, indicating considerable lethality. The mortality rate due to motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) was 3/100 000; 586 were hospitalized for this reason, while 1023 made ED visits. The pyramid ratio of 1:195:341 for MVCs showed a gradual pyramid form, indicating that the lethality was low and the scale of injury was high. Conclusions: The main categories of injuries in adolescents were visualized in pyramid form, contributing to an understanding of the scale of each injury by mechanism in terms of levels of death, hospitalization, and ED visits. These findings will be helpful for understanding how to prioritize injuries in adolescents.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.2 s.6
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• pp.47-66
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• 1994

Chosun dynasty had accepted the Confucianism as a means of governing whole society and in its practical aspect ${\ulcorner}$Garye${\lrcorner}$ and the ceremonies of family ritual regarded as important. As a result, after mid-Chosun dynasty family ritual was begun to popularized on a national scale, and the socio-culture system which was interrelated with it changed into confucian ones. These fill-scaled change, on the other hand, resulted into the change of spatial use and plan type of yangban houses. In this aspect, this study intends to clarify the influence of family ritual on spatial use of yangban houses through the comparison between ideal pattern and behavioral one of family ritual. And this study made Gwanhonrye except Sangjerye an object because these two ceremonies were peformed in sucession in those day's behavior. The research setting is the Korean traditional society prior to modernization. The collected materials are based on ethnographic information as well as personal documents, public records, field works and the books on family ritual. The methodology for the present study is primarily based on the comparison study between available documents and field work. Especially, as the books on family ritual include some explanatory diagrams of the ideal pattern, these diagrams are compared with another ones made by the author of the behavioral pattern. The major findings are as follows. Firstly, in the aspect of Gwanhonrye's process, the ideal pattern is similar to the behavioral one. But even the essential course of the ideal pattern of Honrye is 'chinyoung', it has never been accepcted in Chosun dynasty on account of 'seoryubuga'. Secondly, even though the names of the performing space of family ritual are different each pattern, the methods of spatial use in processing these two ceremonies are similar. In other words, according to the books on family ritual the major performing spaces of Gwanhonrye are 'chungsa' and 'jungchim', but in practical process of both ceremonies 'sarangchae' and 'anche' are used. Lastly, as family ritual like Gwanrye and Honrye had been practiced at yangban houses after mid-Chosun dynasty as mentioned above, the spatial arrangement had to be changed to a certain extent.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.377-398
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• 1993

A survey of infant practices was conducted to provide information on which to base planned nursing interventions. The subjects were a convenience sample of 168 mothers visiting out - patients departments of five general hospitals and one public health center in Seoul for immunizations or treatment for common colds for their infants from two to 12 months of age. Data collection was carried out from July 8th to September 30th, 1991 using a questionnaire of 84 questions, 31 on the type of feeding, 22 on supplementary feeding and 21 on demographic infer mation. The results are summarized as follows : 1) The type of feeding was primarily artificial feed-ing (63.1%), followed by mixed feeding (22%) and breast feeding (14.9%) of the 59 mothers expecting during pregnancy to breast feed, 54. 2% changed artificial feeding and 30.5% went on to breast feed as they had expected. For mothers expecting to continue breast feeding over seven months. only one infant was being breast fed for over seven months. 2) For the 106 mothers using artificial feeding, 70. 8% hed attempted breast feeding, 64% of them for less than a month. Breast milk had been suppressed by for medication (38.7%) : 34.9% had used no specia] means. 3) The major reasons for replacing breast feeding with artificial feeding were the infants' demand for more milk (47.2% ) and insufficient supply of breast milk (49.3％). 4) Most mixed feeding was started at the age of one to three months (59.5%). Only 34.4% gave an artificial feeding after breast feeding : most (46%) alternated breast feeding with artificial feeding. On the whole, the motive for mixed feeding was the lack of breast milk (70.3%). 5) Many mothers (81.8%) were adding vitamin or mineral supplements to artificial milk and 51.5% were adding something to faciliate digestion. As for the method of sterilizing milk bottles and nipples, 56% had sterilized them together in boiling water from the beginning : 27% were just washing the bottles after boiling only once initially when measuring artificial milk powder, 31. 5% of the mothers over filled the measuring spoon rather than to the level. 6) The mother's occupation was related to her way of feeding. Mothers at home full time did more breast feeding than mothers employed outside the home. (x²=5.72, p=〈0.05). 7) Most mothers began supplementary food, from three to four months (48.8%) : 11.2% began later than seven months. Supplementary food was given between milk feedings by 67.2% of the mothers : 19.2% gave it before a milk feeding. Some mothers(26.4%) made their own supplementary food : 19.2% used ready - made supplementary food products for convenience. Recommendations for nursing interventions included : 1. Prenatal education about the advantages of breast feeding and breast care, and home visits after delivery for counselling related to breast feeding. Correct preparation of artificial feeding methods need to be taught in both pre & postnatal periods. In addition, specific education about supplementary feeding needed. 2. Further research is indicated about the Perceived lack of supply of breast milk and about the effectiveness of nursing interventions to Promote breast feeding.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.5
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• pp.3-37
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• 2002

Today the market of EDMS is esteemed more than 100 billions won. It signifies a comming of age of electronic records. The traditional archival theories which are based on the paper records are confronted with a new challenge. In some leading countries of archival studies reorientation of archives management has been tried by a number of distinguished specialists such as Bearman and Hedstrom since 10 years. As a consequence new paradigm of archival theories has been developed. Also in Korea this new paradigm has been introduced by some expert such as Lee, Sang-Min, Sul, Moon-won, Lee, Seung-Eok. However their arguments are too general to offer a concrete clue for new paradigm. Faced by new age of electronic records, it's important to start a discussion for the reasonable methods of electronic records management at once. The most drastically changed part of record management by the electronic technique is the life-cycle of records. The commonly practiced three-stage life-cycle is to be reduced to the two-stage life-cycle, and the concept of the spatial movement of records is to be changed. It can be also pointed that the public emerges as user from the early creating stage of records beyond time and space. Thus is can be said that the method of the management features dynamic and cohesive. The method of appraisal must be also changed and reproduced, so that it can reflect the various levels considering dynamics of the electronic records. Supposedly it will be a core factor that causes the change of methodology in records management with the change of life-cycle theory. It must be noted that various subjects would be involved in the work of classification and description over time and space and that feedback between them is of important. Description also tends to be made at the crating stage of records and structured dynamically. It results from the change of life-cycle and the introduction of the concept of continuum. Such trend allows us to start discussions on the assumption that description of both creator and archival professionals act together an important role. Of course, it is linked with the methodology in which most descriptions are made automatically at the early drafting stage of the structure. The meat date is formed on the assumption that there should be feedback between areas of automatic description, description of creators and archival professionals. The most important thing in description is to develop a suitable way how it is structured. An alternative must be offered for managing data set. As iweb that is being operated by Myongji university shows, records created in daily business are managed not as electronic records but as date base. This is because they exist outside the repository in the EDMS system. Since data set often has various sources, an alternative for classification needs to be developed. It is now likely that database is filed according to the created year to be transferred automatically to the repository. Over a long-term the total management of database, electronic records and electronic information will be a topic. A right direction of new paradigm will be found for both iweb and E-government, when practice and studies of theories are combined and interacted.