• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.89-100
• /
• 2006

Objectives : The effects of methanol extracts from the cortex of Quercus dentata Thunb. and Quercus acutissima Carruth, on the activation of macrophage were examined. Methods : Methanol extracts of Quercus dentata (QD) and Quercus acutissima (QA) were applied to cell line RAW264,7 (macrophage), and their effects were examined. Results : 1. Extracts from QD and QA had no specific influence on the cell growth. 2. Extracts from QD and QA did not activate macrophage independently, but the addition of $IFN-{\gamma}$ facilitated the generation of macrophage's nitric oxide(NO). 3. QD and QA extracts increased the manifestation of iNOS gene, when macrophage was activated by $IFN-{\gamma}$. 4. QD and QA extracts increased the manifestation of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in macrophage, which took 2 hours. 5. QD and QA extracts increased the generation of $PGE_2$ in macrophage. Conclusion : QD and QA activate macrophage in the presence of $IFN-{\gamma}$. After activation is primarily facilated by $IFN-{\gamma}$, it works on macrophage secondarily for the manifestation of iNOS gene and for the generation of $TNF-{\alpha}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.333-337
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to get infomation on the nitric oxide production ability and its formation mechanisms of polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum(PSG) by using murine macrophage cell line. The cultured mycelial cells of Ganoderma lucidum were extracted by alkali, and than neutralized by acid. The extract were passed through the column of DEAE cellulose for more purification. The neutral fraction was concentrated and precipitated with 95% ethanol. The precipitate was lyophilized and PSG was obtained. The immunomodulating effects of PSG on macrophage were performed by using murine macrophage cell line ATCC TIB 71 cells with PSG 0.5mg. PSG alone could not induce the production of nitrite, but it had a significant potential effect on nitrite secretion when the cells were primed and triggered with BCG and Interferon(IFN)-${\gamma}$. Also it was prominent by using calcium channel blocker(verapamil) and adenylate cyclase activator(forskolin).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.295-300
• /
• 2009

Formaldehyde (FA) is an important irritant compound in pesticide to induce asthma and allergy in respiratory system. Alveolar macrophage is also an pivotal cell in the immune response of respiratory system. However, the effect of FA in macrophage cell viability has not been elucidated. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of FA on apoptosis in Raw 264.7 cells, alveolar macrophage cell line. In this study, FA decreased cell viability of lung alveolar macrophage cells in a dose-dependent manner (>$100{\mu}M$). FA-induced decrease of cell viability was blocked by the treatment of antioxidants (vitamin C, NAC, and catalase). Indeed, FA induced lipid peroxide formation in Raw 264.7 cells. FA decreased Bcl-2 expression but increased Bax expression in lung alveloar macrophage cells. In addition, FA also increased the cleaved form of caspase-3. In conclusion, FA induced apoptosis via oxidative stress in cultured Raw 264.7 cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2022

The tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Brei (TPT) used in traditional Oriental medicine for the treatment of cough, sputum, vomiting, and insomnia, possesses antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although recent studies have reported the anticancer effects of TPT in several cancer cells, it is still unclear whether TPT regulates tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) characterized by the immunosuppressive M2 macrophage phenotype. Our results showed that the ethanol extract of TPT (ETPT) suppressed the migration of RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells and THP-1 human monocytes differentiated into macrophages towards the conditioned media (CM) collected from lung cancer cells, suggesting that ETPT would attenuate the recruitment of macrophages into tumors. In addition, ETPT suppressed the interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-6-induced M2 macrophage polarization in RAW264.7 cells. ETPT treatment not only downregulated the mRNA expression of M2 macrophage markers including arginase-1, mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC-1), and IL-10, but also inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT6, general regulators of M2 macrophage polarization. Finally, the transwell assay results showed that the CM from M2-polarized RAW264.7 cells increased the migration of mouse lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, while those from RAW264.7 cells co-treated with ETPT and IL-6 significantly reduced the migration of LLC cells. Taken together, our observations clearly demonstrate that ETPT suppressed the cancer cell migration by regulating macrophage recruitment and M2 macrophage polarization.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.346-351
• /
• 2012

Cells show various stress signs when they are challenged with severe physiological problems. Majority of such cellular stresses are conveyed to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and unfolded protein response (UPR) serves as typical defense mechanism against ER stress. This study investigated an interaction between ER stress agents using macropage cell line Raw 264.7. When activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the cell lines showed typical indicators of ER stress. Along with molecular chaperones, the activation process leads to the production of additional inflammatory mediators. Following activation, the macrophage cell line was further treated with TUN and characterized in terms of chaperone expression and cytokine secretion. When treated with TUN, the activated macrophage cell leads to increased secretion of IL-6 although expression of ER stress markers, GRP94 and GRP78 increased. The secretion of cytokines continued until the addition of BFA which inhibits protein targeting from ER to Golgi. However, secretion of cytokines was ceased upon dual treatments with BFA and TG. This result strongly implies that cells may differently deal with various polypeptides depending on the urgency in cellular function under ER stress. Considering IL-6 is one of the most important signal molecules in macrophage, the molecule might be able to circumvent ER stress and UPR to reach its targeting site.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2023

Objectives : Gumiganghwal-tang and its main components have been used for treatment of cough, headache, joint pain and fever. Using a respiratory inflammatory model, we intend to demonstrate the its anti-inflammatory effect and immune mechanism of Gumiganghwal-tang. Methods : We induced the respiratory inflammation mouse model by papain treatment. Female BALB/C mice (8 weeks old) were divided into three groups as follows: saline control group, papain treatment group (vehicle), papain and Gumiganghwal-tang (200 mg/kg) treatment group (n=4). To verify the anti-inflammatory effect of Gumiganghwal-tang extracts, we measured the infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Additionally, the efficacy of Gumiganghwal-tang extracts on Th2 cell population and alveolar macrophage in lung were analyzed by using flow cytometry. Results : Gumiganghwal-tang extracts administration decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF and NALF, especially of eosinophils. Furthermore, interleukin-5 level was reduced in lung by drug administration. Interestingly, Gumiganghwal-tang extracts treatment also decreased the Th2 cell (CD4⁺GATA3⁺) population and increased the alveolar macrophage (CD11b⁺CD11c⁺) population in lung. Conclusions : Our findings indicate that Gumiganghwal-tang extracts have anti-inflammatory effects by mediating Th2 cell and alveolar macrophage cell activation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 2000

Pedunculagin is an ellagitannin purified from Alnus hirsuta var. microphylla, Betulaceae. The effects of pedunculagin on the immune system have been characterized to induce enhancement of NK (natural killer) cell cytotoxicities against tumor cells. The present study investigated whether pedunculagin can enhance macrophage cytotoxicity against P8l5 tumor cells. Macrophage cultured with pedunculagin enhanced cytotoxicity in a dose dependent manner In addition, the same treatments increased NO production, which plays important roles in the immune system. liken together these results demonstrate that pedunculagin significantly enhances cytolytic activities of macrophage.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.363-367
• /
• 1999

Palmultang(PMT) consists of Ginseng Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Hoelen, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Paeoniae Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma and Angelicae Gigantis Radix. PMT enhanced the lucigenin chemiluminescence and the engulfment of fluorescein-conjugated E. coli particles and inhibited the production of nitric oxide in murine peritoneal macrophage. PMT enhanced the production of ${\gamma}-interferon$, interleukin-2 and the cell viability in murine thymocyte, but did not affect the production of interleukin-4. These results indicate that PMT enhances the phagocytosis of macrophage via the stimulation of ${\gamma}-interferon$ production in $T_H1$ cells and the reduction of nitric oxide production in peritoneal macrophage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2010.06a
• /
• pp.280-280
• /
• 2010

Alzheimer disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the aged, characterized by memory loss and dementia. For diagnosis of Alzheimer disease we have simply modified macrophage with amyloid beta bonded with different molecules. Modified Macrophage was observed with microscope for co-localization of amyloid beta molecule. For this experiment we used fluoroscene labeling substances. The macrophage was modified also with cell staining method. For cell staining method was used avidin-biotin reaction principles. All experiments were carried out on poly-L-lysine coated and sterilized glass substrates. In the presentation we will show the further investigations and applications with modified macrophage.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.245-252
• /
• 2020

Macrophage cell death contributes to the formation of plaque, leading to the development of atherosclerosis. The accumulation of triglyceride (TG) is also associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. A previous study reported that TG induces the cell death of macrophages. This study examined whether the cytoplasmic release of cathepsin B from lysosome is associated with the TG-induced cell death of macrophage. The release of cathepsin B was increased in the TG-treated THP-1 macrophages, but the TG treatment did not affect cathepsin B expression. Furthermore, the inhibition of cathepsin B by its inhibitor, CA-074 Me, partially inhibited the TG-induced cell death of macrophage. TG-triggered macrophage cell death is mediated by the activation of caspase-1, -2, and apoptotic caspases. Therefore, this study investigated whether cathepsin B is implicated in the activation of these caspases. The inhibition of cathepsin B blocked the activation of caspase-7, -8, and -1 but did not affect the activity of caspase-3, -9, and -2. Overall, these results suggest that TG-induced cytoplasmic cathepsin B causes THP-1 macrophage cell death by activating caspase-1, leading to subsequent activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.