• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) extract as a cosmetic additive. The tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory effects showed 47% and 39% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, respectively. Also, the collagenase inhibition effect was 31% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. A cell viability test, measured on macrophage cell (RAW 264.7) and melanoma cell (B16F10) by ethanol extract of M. oleifera, showed 94.2% and 94.8% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, respectively. In order to confirm anti-inflammatory activity, we examined the inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells by Griess assay. As a result, the M. oleifera extract showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of NO production. The protein expression inhibitory effects of M. oleifera extract were measured by western blot at 25, 50, $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration and the ${\beta}-actin$. Results showed that the expression inhibition rates of the iNOS, COX-2, MITF, TRP-1, TRP-2, tyrosinase protein were decreased by 85.8%, 57.5%, 80.7%, 30%, 29.9%, 23.6% at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, respectively. It was concluded that M. oleifera extracts had the anti-inflammatory and whitening effects and thus could be applied for cosmetics as a natural ingredient.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract on nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production and on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging in macrophages. Methods: Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (300 g) was heated at $100^{\circ}C$ with distilled water (2 L) for 4 hours. The extract was filtered and concentrated to 100 mL by using a rotary evaporator, was frozen at $-80^{\circ}C$, and was then freeze-dried by using a freezing-drying system. The RAW 264.7 macrophage was subcultured by using $10-{\mu}g/mL$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, we performed 3-(4,5-dimrthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and measured the cell viability. The NO production was measured by using Griess assays, and the $PGE_2$ production was measured by using enzyme immunoassays. The antioxidant activity, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging capability, was measured by using the DPPH method. Results: Cell viability with the 1-, 5-, 25-, 125- and $625-{\mu}g/mL$ Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract was not significantly decreased compared to the cell viability without the extract. When 125 and $625{\mu}g/mL$ of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract were used, nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control group. When 25, 125, and $625{\mu}g/mL$ of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract were used, $PGE_2$ production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control group. The 125- and $625-{\mu}g/mL$ Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extracts had high DPPH free-radical scavenging capabilities in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: This study indicates that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract suppresses NO and $PGE_2$ production and improves DPPH free-radical scavenging capability. Thus, it seems that Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix hot aqueous extract may have an anti-inflammation effect and antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 2016

In the current study, the ethanol extracts and their subsequent organic solvent fractions from lees of sweet potato soju were prepared and the prepared samples were designated as from KSD-E8-1 to KSD-E8-5. Their effects on cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction (KSD-E8-3) of lees extracts from sweet potato soju significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, whereas they did not affect cell viabilities. The fraction KSD-E8-3 reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes such as COX-2, iNOS and TNF-alpha and also decreased protein expression of iNOS in a dose dependent manner, which were detected with RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. In addition, we detected the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 and their phosphorylated forms. The results indicated that the treatment of the fraction KSD-E8-3 did inhibit phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK1/2 MAPKs, indicating that the fraction KSD-E8-3 regulates LPS-induced inflammatory response via suppressing MAPK signaling pathway. Overall, these results may contribute to understand the molecular mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects by the ethyl acetate fraction of lees extracts from sweet potato soju.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.638-645
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• 2019

Objectives: For the risk management of airborne fungal diseases, our aim was to evaluate airborne fungi and study the toxicity associated with fungal allergic diseases using fungal species native to Korea. Methods: Fungi were isolated from outdoor air samples collected from Seoul, Incheon, Cheonan, Gwangju, Ulsan, Busan, and Jeju and tested for their cytotoxicity potential and their ability to induce proliferation and secretion of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in human mast cells (HMC-1). Results: More than 18 species of fungi were collected from outdoor air in Korea over one year, and the strains were identified and systematically analyzed. The results showed that the Cladosporium (59%) and Alternaria (22%) strains are the most common in outdoor air. Three of the collected strains (Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Penicillium) showed mild toxicity in cells involved in allergic inflammation, and twelve induced cell proliferation in HMC-1 cells. More importantly, many strains (Edgeworthia, Trametes, Emmia, Irpex, Talaromyces, Penicillium, Periconia, Epicocum, Bipolaris) induced the MDC protein in activated HMC-1 cells. Conclusion: Nineteen percent of the tested strains caused cytotoxicity in mast cell lines, whereas, most of the non-toxic strains contributed to cell activity. Among the tested strains, more than 80% increased the expression of MDC protein, which contributes to the severity of atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rhinitis. It is, in fact, one of the markers for these conditions. Therefore, airborne fungus could be considered as an important marker for environmental risk management for allergic diseases in Korea.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.29-41
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• 2005

Objectives : The use of natural products with therapeutic properties is as ancient as human civilisation and, for a long time, mineral, plant and animal products were the main sources of drugs. Catalposide, the major iridoid glycoside isolated from the stem bark of Catalpa ovata G. Don (Bignoniceae) has been shown to possess anti-microbial and anti-tumoral properties. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a stress response protein and is known to play a protective role against the oxidative injury. In this study, we examined whether catalposide could protect Neuro 2A cells, a kind of neuronal cell lines, from oxidative damage through the induction of HO-1 protein expression and HO activity. We also examined the effects of catalposide on the productions of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha})$ and nitric oxide (NO) on RAW 264.7 macrophages activated with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. Methods : HO-1 expression in Neuro 2A cells was measured by Western blotting analysis. NO and $TNF--{\alpha}$ produced by RAW 264.7 macrophage were measured by Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Results : The treatment of the cells with catalposide resulted in dose- and time-dependent up-regulations of both HO-1 protein expression and HO activity. Catalposide protected the cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death. The protective effect of catalposide on hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death was abrogated by zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO inhibitor. Additional experiments revealed the involvement of CO in the cytoprotective effect of catalposide-induced HO-1. In addition, catalposide inhibited the productions of $TNF--{\alpha}$ and NO with significant decreases in mRNA levels of $TNF--{\alpha}$ and inducible NO synthase. Conclusions : Our results indicate that catalposide is a potent inducer of HO-1 and HO-1 induction is responsible for the catalposide-mediated cytoprotection against oxidative damage and that catalposide may have therapeutic potential in the control of inflammatory disorders.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2010

Objective : Sinapis alba L. (SA) is a korean traditional herbal medicine that is usually used to prevent or treat inflammatory diseases, such as respiratory infection and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the effects of SA supplementation in vitro on serum antibody levels, splenocyte and peritoneal macrophage immune responses have not yet been determined. In this study, we examined the effect of SA on the production of Th1/Th2 cytokines. Methods : Splenocytes were isolated from naive C57BL/6 mice. Cells were enriched for CD4+ cell populations by first staining the cells with anti-CD4 (BD PharMingen, Calif, USA). CD4+ T cells were selected on a (CS) column, and the flow-through was collected as CD4+ T cells. Isolated cells were activated by overnight incubation on 24-well plates coated with $1{\mu}g/mL$ anti-CD3, $1{\mu}g/mL$ anti-CD28 and with SA ($100{\mu}g/mL$). Primary macrophages were collected from the peritoneal cavities of mice (8-week-old female C57BL/6). The peritoneal macrophages were washed and plated with RPMI-1640 overnight for the experiments. After 48-hours cultures, samples were centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatants were stored at $-80^{\circ}C$. Mouse IL-4, IFN-$\gamma$ and TNF-$\alpha$ were quantified using ELISA kits (BioSource International, Camarillo, Calif, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocols. Results : SA at 100ug/ml decreased the generation of Th1 cytokine (IFN-$\gamma$) by 0.5-fold. However, SA has no effect on Th2 (IL-4) production. Conclusions : These results suggest that SA may play an important role in the control of T-cell-mediated autoimmunity by down-regulation of Th1 cytokine (especially IFN-$\gamma$, TNF-$\alpha$). These data may contribute to the design of new immunomodulating treatments for a group of autoimmune diseases.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.426-434
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• 2014

Peptidylarginine deiminase type 2 (PADI2) deiminates (or citrullinates) arginine residues in protein to citrulline residues in a $Ca^{2+}$-dependent manner, and is found in lymphocytes and macrophages. Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein and a well-known substrate of PADI2. Citrullinated vimentin is found in ionomycin-induced macrophage apoptosis. Citrullinated vimentin is the target of anti-Sa antibodies, which are specific to rheumatoid arthritis, and play a critical role in the pathogenesis of the disease. To investigate the role of PADI2 in apoptosis, we generated a Jurkat cell line that overexpressed the PADI2 transgene from a tetracycline-inducible promoter, and used a combination of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and ionomycin to activate Jurkat cells. We found that PADI2 overexpression reduced the cell viability of activated Jurkat cells in1a dose- and time-dependent manner. The PADI2-overexpressed and -activated Jurkat cells presented typical manifestations of apoptosis, and exhibited greater levels of citrullinated proteins, including citrullinated vimentin. Vimentin overexpression rescued a portion of the cells from apoptosis. In conclusion, PADI2 overexpression induces apoptosis in activated Jurkat cells. Vimentin is involved in PADI2-induced apoptosis. Moreover, PADI2-overexpressed Jurkat cells secreted greater levels of vimentin after activation, and expressed more vimentin on their cell surfaces when undergoing apoptosis. Through artificially highlighting PADI2 and vimentin, we demonstrated that PADI2 and vimentin participate in the apoptotic mechanisms of activated T lymphocytes. The secretion and surface expression of vimentin are possible ways of autoantigen presentation to the immune system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the antitumor effect and immunological activities of chitosan extracted from Solenocera prominetis toward on mire bearing sarcoma-180. The growth inhibition ratio of the chitosan toward sarcoma-180 showed at the highest level of 63.84% when chitosan were administrated at the concentration of 40mg/kg. The direct cytotoxic effect of chitosan was not observed in the mice bearing sar-roma-180 in vitro. In the effect of immunological activities, dose-dependent responses indicated by the increase of leucocyte, peritoneal exudate cell than that of control group when chitosan administered to the mice in the concentation of 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg. Also dose-dependent responses showed also by the increase of immunoorgans weights such as body weight, liver, spleen or thymus in the same concentration of 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg. Food pad swelling having the relationship with arthus reaction of antibody-mediated hypersensitivity and delayed type hypersensitivity was recovered the almost normal level. In the efforts of macrophge on phagocytes, there were not substantial differences in phagorytic and corrected phagocytic index. In the number of plaque forming cell(PFC), PFC on the 10$^{7}$ spleen cells were increased the levels of 18.88% and 31.83% when chitosan were adminstersd at the concentration of 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.380-385
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of Ulva pertusa kjellman extract after undergoing a low temperature and high-pressure extraction process. First, the extracts obtained under the extraction conditions of 150 MPa and $80^{\circ}C$showed a relatively high antioxidant activity, with 90% super oxide radical activity compared to the extracts from conventional extraction process with water at $100^{\circ}C$. This extract also improved the growth of both human immune B and T cells up to $14.5{\times}10^4$ cells/mL and $14.2{\times}10^4$ cells/mL compared to $9.1{\times}10^4$ cells/mL in adding the extracts from conventional processes. It was found that the extracts obtained at 100 MPa and $60^{\circ}C$ showed better activities in NK cell growth and NO production from macrophage as $11.8{\times}10^2$ cells/mL and 30.0 ${\mu}M$. Overall, the extracts from high pressure and low temperature extraction process had relatively higher immune activation activity, possibly because the low temperature and high pressure extraction process may have higher yields of active compounds and have less damage to useful ingredients from relatively weak marine natural resources, such as Ulva pertusa kjellmann than that from the conventional extraction system.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2009

GM-CSF is a multipotent growth factor, which also plays an important role during the process of wound healing. rrhGM-CSF was specifically produced from rice cell culture in our laboratory (Hanson Biotech Co., Ltd, Daejeon). The rrhGMCSF contains more oligosaccharide side chains than any other types of GM-CSF. This work was taken to evaluate the influence on wound healing of rrhGM-CSF in male golden hamsters. Full thickness skin defects of 9 mm in diameter were made in the back of hamsters, and 100 ${\mu}L$ ointment containing rrhGM-CSF 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ was applied. Control groups were given ointment without rrhGM-CSF. The wound sizes were relatively reduced and skin was well regenerated in the experimental group compared with the control group. Structurally, reepithelialization and architecture of the skin following injury were well accomplished in the experimental group. And also, positive reaction of PCNA of the skin following injury was more prominent in rrhGM-CSF containing ointment treatment group. Since this type of GM-CSF has highly glycosylated side chains, the effectiveness might be retain longer and stable, regarding acceleration of wound healing in the animal model. The present study has important implications for further development of the therapeutic manipulation of wound healing using rrhGM-CSF.