• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Developmental Biology Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.87-87
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• 2003

난자성숙 중 MPF활성은 MI 과 MII에서 최대로, MII로의 성숙 직후 난자를 핵이식에 이용하는 것은 핵과 세포질 사이의 reprogramming에의 효율을 높일 수 있을 것이다. 일반적으로 돼지의 IVF나 핵이식은 체외성숙후 44h에 이뤄지고 있다. 이는 aging을 낳을 수 있고 aging은 또한 발달능을 떨어뜨릴 수 있다. 따라서, 본 실험은 돼지의 체외성숙시간에 따른 체외성숙율과 단위발생후 체외발달율을 비교하여 최적의 체외성숙시간을 찾고자 실시하였다. 돼지 난포란을 10% pFF, 0.1mg/ml cysteine, 10IU/ml PMSG, 10IU/ml hCG, 10ng/ml EGF가 첨가된 TCM-199배양액에서 22, 30, 44시간 동안 배양하여 성숙을 유도하였다. 체외성숙이 야기된 난자는 난구세포를 제거한 후 전기자극(2.0kv/cm, $30 \mu s$) 후 5분 동안 TCM-199에서 세정하고 다시 4시간 동안 6-DMAP에서 배양된 후 4mg/ml BSA가 첨가된 NCSU-23에 넣어 $39^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$배양기에서 각각 6-7일 동안 배양을 실시하였다. 체외성숙 22시간 성숙난자는 M I 44.3%(35/79)와 A I -T I 36.7%(29/79)로 81%가 M II로의 성숙에는 아직 미치지 못했다. 30시간 성숙난자는 46.3%(56/121)가 M II로 성숙하였고, M I과 A I -T I 은 각각 25.6%(31/121), 27 3%(33/121)이었다. 44시간 성숙난자는 78%(71/91)가 M II로 성숙하였고, M I 과 A I -T I 은 각각 12.1%(31/121), 7 7%(33/121)이었다. 단위발생율은 22시간에 난할율은 35.4%(75/137)이었고, 배반포 발달은 없었다. 30시간에 난할율은 51.8%(145/280)이었고, 배반포 발달율은 5.5%(8/145)이었다. 44시간에 난할율은 80.0%(244/306)이었고, 배반포 발달율은 14.3%(35/144)이었다. 본 연구결과 핵 및 세포질의 완전한 성숙은 44h에 이루어지고, 이에 따른 배발달율도 뒤따름을 알 수 있었다. 난자가 핵성숙의 완성에도 불구하고 완전한 활성을 위한 발달능은 갖지 못함을 알 수 있었으며, 질 좋은 배반포 생산을 위해 핵과 세포질 성숙의 synchronous가 중요하다 사료된다. 체외성숙을 위한 배양기술의 진전과 더불어 체외성숙 시간에 따른 세포질적인 기전에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2006

Wee1 is a kinase regulator of the M-phase promoting factor (MPF; a complex of cdc2 and cyclin B1). The present study was undertaken to determine the role(s) of wee1 in the early stages of mouse ovarian follicles. The expression of wee1 and the correlated cell-cycle components, namely cdc2, cyclin B1, and cdc25C, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In addition, the expression of Tyr15-phosphorylated cdc2 (cdc2-p) was also examined to determine whether wee1 kinase phosphorylates cdc2 existed. Each component except cdc25C was found cytoplasmic in the oocytes at all stages of follicles, while cdc25C was not detected in primordial follicles. It was found primarily in ovarian somatic cells and to a small extent in granulosa cells of the growing follicles. To further confirm the expression of cell-cycle components in the primordial follicular oocytes, day1 ovaries were enzymatically and mechanically dissociated, then oocytes were isolated from somatic including pre-granulosa cells, and we confirmed that cdc2-p was expressed in oocytes of primordial follicles. From the results of the present study, we concluded wee1, without the counteracting cdc25C, would cause meiotic arrest of oocytes by the inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc2. The expression of all these proteins in the granulosa cells of growing follicles may regulate their mitosis concurrently with the growth of oocytes and follicles.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2007

The Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) can be occurred by various factors such as repetition, forceful exertions and awkward postures. Especially, occurrences of the WMSDs on the waist and lower limb are reported in workplaces, demanded standing postures for a long time, in service and manufacturing industry. The static and standing postures without movement for a long time increase work loads to the lower limb and the waist. Accordingly, anti-fatigue mat or anti-fatigue insole is used as a preventing device of the WMSDs. However anti-fatigue mats are limited in space and movement. In this study, multi-elastic insoles are designed and shown the effects of the workload reduction for a long time under the standing work. The foot pressures and EMG (Electromyography) are measured at 0 hour and after 2 hours by 6 health students in their twenties. The 6 prototype insoles are designed with three elastic (Low, Medium and High). These insoles are compared with no insole (insole type 7) as control group. The EMG measurement was conducted to waist (erector spinae muscle), thigh (vastus lateralis muscle) and calf (gastrocnemius muscle). The foot pressure is analyzed by mean pressure value and the EMG analysis is investigated through MF (Median Frequency), MPF (Mean Power Frequency) and ZCR (Zero Crossing Rate). The results of the foot pressure show that the multi-elastic insoles had smaller foot pressure value than that of no-insole. Moreover, Insole 2 and Insole 3 have the smallest increasing rate in foot pressure. The EMG results show that the multi-elastic insoles had smaller EMG shift value than that of no-insole in 2 hour, and then shift value shows the smallest value in Insole 2. Therefore, this study presents that the multi-elastic insoles have reducing effects of the work load for a long time standing work in both side of foot pressure and EMG.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.71-79
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• 2008

Walking shoes for walking and jogging have been used to enjoy lots of leisure time. Functional shoes such as walking shoes have special functions to improve body motility by changing of shoe shapes. The walking shoes could improve the motility by structural transformation of outsole as increase degrees of heel and toe. The study on insoles has not been conducted enough on the contrary of the study of outsole. The purpose of this study is to perform ergonomics analysis whether the Arch Supported insoles have an improving effect of muscle activities or not. Experiments were performed with 6 subjects who are health and haven't experienced any diseases past. EMG(Electromyography) and Foot Pressures were measured repeatedly for 5 seconds at 0 hour, after 1 hour and after 2 hours of walking. Insoles used for experiment are normal insole, insole inserted Arch Support and pad. The electrodes for EMG measurement were set on waist (erector spinae), and thigh (vastus lateralis), calf (gastrocnemius). Evaluations of EMG were analyzed by shift of MF (Median Frequency) and MPF (Mean Power Frequency). Foot Pressure was analyzed by mean pressure of feet and change of walking time. As results, Arch Support insole had larger frequency shift value than that of normal insole. Frequency shift between Arch Support insoles and normal insole showed significant difference on 95% confidence interval. And insole 1 has the highest value of frequency shift. For results of foot pressure, Arch Support insoles show continuous decreasing tendency when comparing with normal insoles by changing of times. Also, insole 1 has the highest decreasing value of foot pressure. Therefore, this study presented that the Arch Support insole can promote muscle activities and improves comfort for a prolonged walking.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to assess iron status and obesity in 82 middle aged women living in Kangnung area. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat and circumferences of waist and hip. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects for measurement of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC), transferrin saturation(TS) and serum ferritin. Dietary intakes of iron(heme iron and nonheme iron), the amounts of MPF(meat, poultry and fish) and ascorbic acid were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Postmenopausal women had more body fat than premenopausal women. That is, postmenopausal women tend to be obeser than premenopausal women. There was no difference in Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC and TS between pre- and postmenopausal women. But the serum ferritin concentration of postmenopausal women(83.7$\pm$42.1ng/ml) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than premenopausal women(56.4$\pm$41.0ng/ml). Prevalences of iron deficiency (20%, 20.0% and 17.1% respectively) of postmenopausal women. The mean daily intakes of total iron in pre- and postmenopausal women were 17.5$\pm$9.3mg and 15.6$\pm$6.9mg, respectively. Bioavailabilities of dietary iron were 6.5% and 4.5% in pre- and post-groups. These results indicate that individual dietary guidelines should be used to educate middle-aged women different in status of menopause. For example, premenopausal women should increase nutritional iron status and postmenopausal women should try to prevent obesity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2004

To increase both iron and enhancers for iron absorption through diets should be a basic strategy to sufficiently provide increased iron for pregnancy. Previous studies reported that iron intakes of Korean pregnant women were short and their iron status deteriorated as pregnancy progressed. However, there is little data about the bioavailability of dietary iron during pregnancy. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the changes of dietary iron intakes, its bioavailability and iron status during pregnancy longitudinally in Korean women. A total of 151 pregnant women in their first trimester of pregnancy voluntarily participated. Among them, 72 women finished the research protocol during the second trimester and 55 did it during the third trimester. Dietary intakes of total iron, both non-heme and heme iron, as well as enhancers, both MPF (meat, poulty, and fish) and vitamin C, increased significantly as pregnancy progressed. As the results, bioavailability of dietary iron and iron absorbed increased significantly as pregnancy progressed. However, the amount of iron absorbed at each trimester did not meet considerably the iron needed during pregnancy. All five indices examined in the study, Hb level, Hct, serum concentrations of ferritin and sTfR (soluble transferrin receptor), and sTfR: ferritin ratio, showed that iron status of the subjects deteriorated as pregnancy progressed. The rate of anemia of the subjects increased as pregnancy progressed although more than 80% of the subjects took iron supplements after the 20th week of pregnancy. These results imply that it is needed to provide more iron especially, heme iron and dietary enhancers to prevent the deterioration of iron status during pregnancy. Future research on bioavailability of supplemental iron should be performed to determine the iron balance precisely.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3532-3536
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• 2012

Understanding of the maternal transcriptome increased to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of normal oocyte maturation, which depends on a precise sequence of changes in maternal genes expression. Previous reports that the translational potential of a maternal mRNA is generally determined by the length of the poly(A) tail, and deadenylation is usually the first sign of mRNA degradation. However, in vitro cultured system has the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We determined whether the role of molecular basis, four important maternal genes, C-mos, cyclin-B1 (regulatory subunit of MPF), BMP15 and GDF9, were selected for detection of their precise mRNA expression patterns by real-time PCR and for determination of their polyadenylation status by poly(A) tail PCR during oocyte maturation. In the present study. the abnormal expression of maternal mRNAs prior to zygotic genome activation, which results in suppression of the corresponding protein level, may be responsible for, at least in part, a profound defect in further embryonic development. Reasonable expression of maternal gene is crucial for proper oocyte maturation and further embryonic development.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.149-161
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• 2018

The private military company(PMC) or the private military industry may be one of the most important, but little understood developments in security studies to have taken place over the last decade. This new industry, where firms not only supply the goods of warfare, but rather fulfill many of the professional service functions, is not only significant to the defence community, but has wider ramifications for global politics and warfare. The private military industry emerged in the early 1990s. Its underlying cause was the confluence of three momentous dynamics - the end of the Cold War and the vacuum this produced in the market of security, transformations in the nature of warfare, and the normative rise of privatization. In order to introduce MPFs(Military Provider Firms) into Korea, where in principle private citizens are prohibited to own a gun, unlike the United States, a special law should be enacted which allows them to possess weapons and fight in combat. Therefore, the National Assembly of Korea has been submitting and discussing "the Act on the Prevention and Conduction of Practice of Piracy" since 2014.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.193-203
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• 1993

A new heuristic method for loading pattern search has been developed to overcome short-comings of the algorithmic approach. To reduce the size of vast solution space, general shuffling rules, a regionwise shuffling method, and a pattern grouping method were introduced. The entropy theory was applied to classify possible loading patterns into groups with similarity between them. The pattern search program was implemented with use of the PROLOG language. A two-group nodal code MEDIUM-2D was used for analysis of power distribution in the core. The above mentioned methodology has been tested to show effectiveness in reducing of solution space down to a few hundred pattern groups. Burnable poison rods were then arranged in each pattern group in accordance with burnable poison distribution rules, which led to further reduction of the solution space to several scores of acceptable pattern groups. The method of maximizing cycle length(MCL) and minimizing power-peaking factor(MPF) were applied to search for specific useful loading patterns from the acceptable pattern groups. Thus, several specific loading patterns that have low power-peaking factor and large cycle length were successfully searched from the selected pattern groups.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2003

The iron status and its relations with nutrient intake, coffee drinking, and cigarette smoking were evaluated through the blood analysis and 3-day dietary recalls in 102 apparently healthy Korean adults (48 males, 54 menstruating females) aged 20-49 years and living in Daejeon City. Mean values of hemoglobin (Hb) in males and females were 15.5g/dL and 13.2g/dL, mean corpscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) 36.0% and 36.8 %, serum iron (SI) 135 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL and 97 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dL, transferrin saturation (TS) 39.4% and 29.2%, and serum ferritin (Ft) 88.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L and 23.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. For males the prevalences of abnormal values of iron status indicators were 4.2% in Hb, 2.1% in TS, and 4.2% in Ft, and for females 16.7% in Hb, 25.9% in TS, and 35.2% in Ft. Among females 9.3% had abnormal Ft, TS, and Hb, which was considered as iron-defeciency anemia, and 14.8% had abnormal Ft and TS. As a whole, the impaired iron status prevalences were estimated to be 2.1 - 4.2% for males and 9.3 - 35.2% for females. Mean daily intakes of iron and heme-iron were 13.7mg and 1.51mg in males, and 12.3mg and 1.45mg in females. Ft was positively correlated with dietary energy, protein, iron, and vitamin A, Hb with energy and iron, and MCHC with iron and heme iron. Vitamin A also tended to show positive correlations with Hb, SI, and TS. Coffee drinkers taking 3 cups per day or more had higher levels of Hb, MCHC, and Ft in males and MCHC in females, compared to non-coffee drinkers. Higher levels of Hb and MCHC were found in male smokers than in non-smokers. Coffee drinkers took more energy and vitamin A in males and MPF protein in females than non-coffee drinkers. From the above results, it was suggested that the iron status of men was much better than that of women, and the intakes of energy, iron, heme iron, and especially vitamin A were positively associated with the iron status. Cigarette smoking elevated Hb and MCHC, but the effect of coffee drinking on iron staus was not clear. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 44∼50, 2003)