• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.44-57
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• 2008

In this study, a 2D finite-element analysis, using the SEEP/W program, was carried out to estimate the amount of groundwater flawing into a tunnel, as well as the groundwater tables around wetland areas during and after a tunnel excavation through rock mass. Four sites along the Wonhyo-tunnel in Cheonseong Mountain (Gyeongnam, Korea) were analysed, where the model damain of the tunnel included both wetland and fault zone. The anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivities of the rock mass was calculated using the DFN model, and then used as an input parameter for the cantinuum model. Parametric study on the influencing factors was perofrmed to minimize uncertainties in the hydraulic properties. Moreover, the volumetric water content and hydraulic conductivity functions were applied ta the model to reflect the ability of a medium ta store and transport water under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. The conductivity of fault zone was assumed ta be $10^{-5}m/sec\;or\;10^{-6}m/sec$ and the conductivity of grouting zone was assumed as 1/10, 1/50 or 1/100 of the conductivity of rock mass. Totally $6{\sim}8$ cases of transient flow simulation were peformed at each site. The hydraulic conductivities of fault zone showed a significant influence on groundwater inflow when the fault zone crossed the tunnel. Also, groundwater table around wetland maintained in case that the hydraulic conductivity of grouting zone was reduced ta be less than 1/50 of the hydraulic conductivity of rock mass.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.401-414
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• 2017

Vegetation and landscape characteristics at the three highest summits of Republic of Korea, i.e. Seoraksan, Jirisan and Hallasan, are analyzed on the basis of species composition, physiognomy, vegetation distribution and structure of alpine plants, along with landform, geology, soil and habitat conditions. Dominant high mountain plants at three alpine and subalpine belts contain deciduous broadleaved shrub, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum (31.6%), and evergreen coniferous small tree, Pinus pumila (26.3%) at Seoraksan, deciduous broadleaved tree, Betula ermanii (35.3%), evergreen coniferous tree, Picea jezoensis (23.5%) at Jirisan, and evergreen coniferous tree, Abies koreana (22.6%), deciduous broadleaved shrub, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, and Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii (19.4%) at Hallasan, respectively. Presence of diverse landscapes at the peak of Seoraksan, such as shrubland, grassland, dry land along with rocky areas, and open land may be the result of hostile local climate and geology. High proportion of grassland and wetland at the top of Jirisan may related to gneiss-based gentle topography and well developed soil deposits, which are beneficial to keep the moisture content high. Occurrence of grassland, shrubland, dry land, conifer vegetation, and rocky area at the summit of Hallasan may due to higher elevation, unique local climate, as well as volcanic origin geology and soil substrates. Presences of diverse boreal plant species with various physiognomy at alpine and subalpine belts, and wide range of landscapes, including rocky, grassland, shrubland, wetland, and conifer woodland, provide decisive clues to understand the natural history of Korea, and can be employed as an relevant environmental indicator of biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.144-153
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• 2011

In this study, samples were collected from the Sumummulbangdui wetland at the Halla Mountain in Jeju Island in order to isolate novel bacterial strain. Bacterial strains belonging to the class Alphaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria were isolated after spreading samples onto solid agar media. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains assigned to the two classes were compared to those of type strains of the species. The strains that showed less than 98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the validly published species were considered to be novel species candidates. A total of 19 strains were regarded as novel strains which can be regarded as novel species candidates. In the Alphaproteobacteria, 6 novel strains were affiliated with the genera Novosphingobium, and Rhizobium. A total of 13 novel strains belong to Gammaproteobacteria that assigned to the family Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae were identified. Cultural, physiological, chemotaxonomic characteristics and fatty acids compositions have been determined for the novel species candidates, and the characteristics are described in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of small village wetlands in Geumsan County, an inland mountain zone, and comparing with Seocheon County, a coastal plain area with different ecological environment characteristics. Using Arc-GIS (v10.1) the village wetland code was extracted to derive the possible location of the village wetland, and the final distribution of the village was obtained by performing indoor judging work based on satellite images, aerial photographs, topographical maps, Korea Land Information System (KLIS), land use level, land cover degree (division), and land use status by local surveying and indoor analyzing. Although Geumsan County (576.66km2) is more than 60% larger than Seocheon County (358.04km2), 607 villages in Geumsan County and 570 villages in Seocheon County are capable of making similar levels of 106.5% of wetlands, but only a fraction of those in Seocheon County were found to be 67.6%. The density of the village wetlands was much lower than that of Seocheon County, a coastal plain area, because there were many mountainous areas in Geumsan County, and most of the wetlands temporarily created for water supply were removed during the analysis phase of the Jeongsa Image, so the actual wetlands of the village were judged to be only two-thirds different from those of Seocheon County.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2008

This study was conducted to provide basic information that can be used to restore habitats of Nannophya pygmaea. Nannophya pygmaea is an endangered species of wildlife fauna in Korea and its habitats are distributed very scarcely in Korea. Ten wetland sites throughout Korea, where N. pygmaea inhabited (2 sites in Incheon Muui-do, 1 site in Gokseong Singi-ri, 4 sites in Gokseong Wolbong-ri, and 3 sites in Mungyeong Yulsu-ri) were investigated from June 2006 to August 2007. Investigation was made on landscape properties, habitat sizes, vegetation types, water environments, and water sources. N. pygmaea was generally found in the abandoned paddy fields surrounded by mountains. The habitats ranged from $113.4m^2$ to $1,153.1m^2$ in area, and were mostly dominated by Juncus effusus and Persicaria thunbergii. The water level was $2.6\sim7.3cm$, and the water temperature ranged from $16^{\circ}C$ to $27.8^{\circ}C$. The elevation of the habitats ranged from 139 to 243 m above sea level, which was mostly lower than that of other high mountain wetland habitats. In conclusion, the habitats of N. pygmaea can be restored at wetlands, which have similar condition with field habitat such as abandoned paddy fields in the beginning stage of oligotrophy. Because N. pygmaea is sensitive to microtopography and other surrounding environments, the approach to restore the habitats for N. pygmaea should consider those microhabitat conditions shown in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.396-396
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• 2019

습지는 가장 생산적인 생태계 중 하나이며, 인류에게 수문학적, 경제적, 문화적 가치로도 매우 귀중한 역할을 하고 있다. 하지만 기후변화와 인간의 영향으로 수위저하와 건조, 수문체계에 변화를 주어 습지의 건조화 현상이 나타나고 이로 인해 생태계에도 영향을 미치고 있다. 특히 산지습지는 인위적 간섭에 매우 취약하고 환경변화에 민감하여 불규칙한 강수패턴 및 무분별한 개발은 습지수문환경에 영향을 미쳐 습지의 건조화를 심화시키는 원인이 되고 있다. 그 결과 자연적으로 습지의 면적이 감소하고 식생의 패턴 변화로 다양한 생물들과 보호가 필요한 종들이 사라질 것이므로 변화에 대응하기 위해서 건조화를 방지할 필요가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 습지 내 지하수위 저하 또는 유입 유출량의 변화로 습지 토양의 수분이 감소하여 말라가는 현상을 습지 가뭄이라 정의하고 가뭄지수를 활용하여 이를 지수화 하였다. 현재 산지습지를 대상으로 가뭄을 지수화 시킨 선행연구가 거의 없기 때문에 향후 산지 습지의 가치를 보존하고 생태계 관리의 목적으로 후속 연구의 방향을 제시하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.208-208
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• 2019

습지는 해안선 안정화, 생물의 다양성 유지, 수질정화 그리고 관광, 여가활동 그리고 습한 시기에는 물을 흡수하고 건조한 시기에는 방류하는 역할을 하며 인간에 삶에 있어 다양한 역할을 하고 있다. 이처럼 습지의 기능 및 다양성을 보전하기 위해서는 습지내 유량이 유지되어야 하지만, 최근 기후변화로 인한 온도상승 및 불규칙한 강수 패턴으로 인해 습지의 유량이 유지되지 못하고 있다. 특히 산지습지의 경우 습지의 특성상 규모가 작고 고립되어있으며, 환경변화에 민감하기 때문에 물의 순환이 변화하게 되면 다른 내륙습지에 비해 쉽게 습지의 육화 및 건조화가 진행된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 천연기념물 및 수생식물 등 다양한 생물종이 서식하는 보전가치가 높은 금정산에 위치한 산지습지를 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 습지의 상류와 중앙 집수구역에 3개의 수위계를 설치하여 강수에 따른 수위변동 패턴을 분석하였고, 습지 하류부에는 강수계 및 온 습도계를 설치하여 습지의 실측 기상자료를 활용하여 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 물수지 방법을 기반으로 하는 유출모형인 SWAT모형을 활용하여 습지의 유출특성을 분석하고 습지의 유량 변동을 파악하였다. 본 연구에서 분석한 결과를 토대로 향후 금정산 산지습지의 보전을 위한 유지관리 방안을 제안하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.320-320
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• 2018

습지는 해안선 정화, 홍수조절, 수질정화 이외에도 문화적 여가활동 및 관광 등 다양한 기능을 하고 있다. 이처럼 습지의 기능 및 다양성을 보전을 위해서는 습지에 유량이 유지되어야 하지만, 기후변화로 인한 온도 상승과 불규칙한 강우 패턴으로 인해 습지의 유량이 유지되지 못하고 육화되고 있다. 습지의 육화 및 건조화의 지연 및 방지를 위해서는 습지의 유량변동을 파악이 중요하며 국내외적으로는 물수지 방법이 많이 이용되고 있다. 하지만 산지습지의 경우 규모가 작고 고립되어 있어 물수지방법을 통한 유량변동 분석 연구가 하천습지나 연안습지에 비해 상대적으로 적은 추세이다. 산지습지는 퇴적물 축척으로 형성된 환경변화의 모습을 담고 있으며 또한 산지습지와 같은 특수 환경에 서식하는 생물의 서식지 역할 등 중요한 역할을 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 경상남도에 위치한 산지습지인 장군습지를 대상으로 삼았으며 물수지 방법을 기반으로 하는 SWAT모형을 이용하여 유출특성 분석을 하였다. 또한 기상자료로는 주변 기상관측소와 장군습지 내 설치한 강수계, 온 습도계, 수위계를 활용하여 장군습지 내 유입량과 유출량을 분석하였으며 본 결과를 통해 향후 장군습지 보전을 위한 유지관리 방안을 제안하고자 한다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.126-137
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• 2011

Although Sumunmulbangdui wetland at the Halla Mountain in Jeju Island, a kind of montane wetlands, has been considered to bear high biodiversity, no study has been reported on the bacterial diversity. In this study, soil and water samples were collected from the wetland in order to isolate novel bacterial species. Bacterial strains belonging to the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were isolated after spreading soil and water samples onto solid agar media. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains assigned to the three phyla were compared to those of type strains of the species in the phyla. The strains that showed less than 98.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the validly published species were considered to be novel species candidates. A total of 32 strains were regarded as novel species candidates in the phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Diversity of novel species candidates was very low; the candidates were confined to only few genera. In the Bacteroidetes, 13 novel candidate species were affiliated with the genera Mucilaginibacter, Sphingobacterium, Pedobacter, Flavobacterium, and Chryseobacterium. A total of 13 novel candidate species that assigned to the genera Paenibacillus Lysinibacillus, and Bacillus were identified in the phylum Firmicutes. Only two candidate species that belonged to the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia were excavated in the Actinobacteria. Cultural, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics have been determined for the novel species candidates, and the characteristics are described in this study.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2003

This study was executed by China along with the Tumen river, which formed border of North Korea and China. As a result 91 family, 282 genera, 363 species, 57 variety 4 species, total 424 taxa of vascular plants were identified. The examination area was include the region that had various vegetation such as upper swampy land, seashore dune, a river, a high mountain grassy plain, deciduous tree zone, evergreen coniferous forest zone. The followings are representative plants, which found in an examination area but not in South Korea. Picea koraiensis, Larix gmelini var. principis-ruprechtii, Betula playphylla, Ulmus pumila, Populus koreana, Ledum palustre var. diversipilosum, Rhododendron parvifolium, Salix brachypoda, Phacelurus latifolius, Carex gotoi, Carex capricornis, Calla palustris, Aquilegia flabellata var. pumila, Lilium davuricum, Astragalus membranaceus, Trifolium lupinaster, Ledebourieila seselodeds, Polemonium racemosum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Linnaea borealis, Thladiantha dubia, Inula helenium, Trollius hondoensis, Hypocaeris ciliata, Aconitum kirinense, Aconitum arcuatum, Potentilla viscosa var. macrophylla. And there are 21 rare and endangered species, which Korean Forest Sevice designated, such as Aconitum koreanum, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Polygonatum stenophyllum, Drosera rotundifolia, Iris setosa, Jeffersonia dubia, Lilium davuricum, Lilium cernum, Paeonia obovata, Penthorum chinense, Phacelurus latifolius, Rosa marretii, Sparganium stoloniferum, Thymus quinquecostatus, Trillium tschonoskii, Utricularia japonica, Tripterospermum japonicum, Vaccinium uliginosum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, etc. Especially, plants like, Acanthopanax senticosus, Jeffersonia dubia and Lillum cernum which have high values of ornamental, and medical use are in an extinction crisis. High swampy land was formed to upper stream of Tumen river. It showed representative vegitation, like Carex sp., Scirpus radirans, Eriophorum latifolium. Wetlands plant and a dune plant were mixed in down stream area of Tumen river. On a dune, seashore plants, such as Carex kobomugi, Salsola collina, Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides, Rosa rugosa, Scutellaria strigillosa, Linaria japonica, Phacelurus latifolius were appeared frequently.