• BMB Reports
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.825-831
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• 2007

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are often associated with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), among which MMP-2 and MMP-9 are of central importance. We previously showed that H-Ras, but not N-Ras, induced invasion of MCF10A human breast epithelial cells in which the enhanced expression of MMP-2 was involved. MMP-2 is produced as a latent pro-MMP-2 (72 kDa) to be activated resulting the 62 kDa active MMP-2. The present study investigated if H-Ras and/or N-Ras induces pro-MMP-2 activation of MCF10A cells when cultured in two-dimensional gel of type I collagen. Type I collagen induced activation of pro-MMP-2 only in H-Ras MCF10A cells but not in N-Ras MCF10A cells. Induction of active MMP-2 by type I collagen was suppressed by blocking integrin ${\alpha}2$, indicating the involvement of integrin signaling in pro-MMP-2 activation. Membrane-type (MT)1-MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 were up-regulated by H-Ras but not by N-Ras in the type I collagen-coated gel, suggesting that H-Ras-specific up-regulation of MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 may lead to the activation of pro-MMP-2. Since acquisition of pro-MMP-2 activation can be associated with increased malignant progression, these results may help understanding the mechanisms for the cell surface matrix-degrading potential which will be crucial to the prognosis and therapy of breast cancer metastasis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1615-1621
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• 2013

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is related to tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the role of MMP-9 expression in breast cancer survival remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to accomplish a more accurate estimation of the association between MMP-9 expression and survival results in breast cancer patients through meta-analysis. Methods: A meta-analysis of published studies investigating the effects of positive MMP-9 expression on both relapse free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was performed. Relevant literature was confirmed by searching electronic databases including PubMed, Ovid, EMBASE and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) before November 1, 2012. Individual hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and pooled HRs with 95% CIs were used to evaluate the strength of the association between positive MMP-9 expression and survival results of breast cancer patients. Funnel plot and Egger's regression tests were used to evaluate publication bias. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis was also conducted. All the work was completed using STATA. Results: A total of 2,344 patients from 15 evaluative studies were finally included. Pooled HRs and 95% CIs suggested that MMP-9 overexpression had an unfavorable impact on both OS (HR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.41-2.04) and RFS (HR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.17-2.01) in breast cancer patients. There was no significant heterogeneity observed in the studies reported for OS (P=0.360, $I^2$=8.8%), but not RFS (P=0.002, $I^2$=67%). Publication bias was absent among the studies both in OS and RFS cases (t=-0.54, P=0.605 and t=1.71, P=0.131, respectively). Omission of any single study had little effect on the combined risk estimates on sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that positive MMP-9 expression confers a higher risk of relapse and a worse survival in patients with breast cancer. Larger prospective studies are now needed to evaluate the clinical utility of MMP-9 expression.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6245-6248
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• 2013

Aims: To study effects of down-regulation of pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) on proliferation and metastasis ability of the SCL-1 cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) cell line and explore related mechanisms. Methods: SCL-1 cells were divided into 3 groups (untreated, siRNA control and PTTG siRNA). Cell proliferation assays were performed using a CCK-8 kit and proliferation and metastasis ability were analyzed using Boyden chambers. In addition, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was detected by r-time qPCR and Western blotting. Results: Down-regulation of PTTG could markedly inhibit cell proliferation in SCL-1 cells, compared to untreated and control siRNA groups (P < 0.05). Real-time qPCR demonstrated that expression levels of PTTG, MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the PTTG siRNA group were 0.8%, 23.2% and 21.3% of untreated levels. Western blotting revealed that expression of PTTG, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in the PTTG siRNA group was obviously down-regulated. The numbers of migrating cells ($51.38{\pm}4.71$) in the PTTG siRNA group was obviously lower than that in untreated group ($131.33{\pm}6.12$) and the control siRNA group ($127.72{\pm}5.20$) (P < 0.05), suggesting that decrease of proliferation and metastasis ability mediated by PTTG knock-down may be closely correlated with down-regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. Conclusion: Inhibition of PTTG expression may be a new target for therapy of CSCC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3507-3511
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate possible mechanisms of LOX gene effects on invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells by RNA interference. Methods: LOX-RNAi-LV was designed, synthesized, and then transfected into a breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Expression of LOX, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was determined by real-time PCR, and protein expression of LOX by Western blotting. Cell migration and invasiveness were assessed with Transwell chambers. A total of 111 cases of breast cancer tissues, cancer-adjacent normal breast tissues, and 20 cases of benign lesion tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results: Expression of LOX mRNA and protein was suppressed, and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly lower in the RNAi group than the control group (P<0.05), after LOX-RNAi-LV was transfection into MDA-MB-231 cells. Migration and invasion abilities were obviously inhibited. The expression of LOX protein in breast cancer, cancer-adjacent normal breast tissues and benign breast tumor were 48.6% (54/111), 26.1% (29/111), 20.0% (4/20), respectively, associations being noted with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, tumor size and ER, PR, HER2, but not age. LOX protein was positively correlated with MMP-2 and MMP-9. Conclusion: LOX displayed an important role in invasion and metastasis of breast cancer by regulating MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression which probably exerted synergistic effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2008

본 연구는 식물의 대표적인 색소 성분인 anthocyanin계 색소 중 cyanidin이 인체 유방암 세포 MDA-MB-231에서 세포의 이동성과 침윤성에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시 되었다. 실험 결과 cyanidin의 첨가량이 증가할수록 세포의 운동성, 이동성, 침윤성이 유의적으로 억제되었다. 그러나 ECM 분해 시 암세포에서 분비되는 단백질 분해 효소인 MMP-2, MMP-9의 활성과 MMP-9의 mRNA 수준은 cyanidin에 의해 영향 받지 않는 것으로 관찰되었다. 결론적으로, cyanidin은 세포 증식에 영향을 미치지 않는 범위 내에서 암세포의 전이과정 중 이동성과 침윤성을 억제할 수 있다는 가능성이 관찰되었으나, MMPs 활성에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 보아 MMPs 이외의 경로를 통해 전이 과정이 이루어지는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2008

본 연구는 십자화과 채소의 섭취로 체내유용 물질인 인돌이 전립선암 세포 PC3 cell의 항전이 효과 기전에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보았다. 인돌은 전립선암 세포중식을 농도 의존적으로 억제하였으며 인돌에 의한 세포 사멸의 영향과 관계없이 MMP-2, -9의 활성과 전사수준 및 단백질 발현을 억제하였다. 역으로 MMP활성 억제 물질인 TIMP-1,-2의 발현이 인돌 첨가에 의해 증가하였다. $NF{-\kappa}B$의 upstream에 존재하는 MAPK signaling 유전자인 ERK1/2, p38, JNK 발현이 인돌처리로 인산화를 억제하였다. 그리고 전립선암 세포 PC3 침윤성이 인돌 처리 시 유의적으로 감소하였다. 결론적으로 인돌은 PC3 인체 전립선암 세포의 전이 과정을 MAPK phthway를 통한 MMP 활성과 발현 억제, TIMP 발현 증가로 암 세포 전이 억제를 하는 것 으로 나타나 암 전이 억제 식품으로 가능성을 제시한다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.271-278
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• 2024

인간의 피부는 물리적 요인, 화학적 요인으로부터 신체를 보호하는 기관이다. 피부는 신체 기관중 가장 크고 거대하며 표피, 진피, 및 피하조직으로 구성된다. 피부에 지속적인 자외선 노출은 DNA 손상, 단백질의 산화, 및 성인병을 유발하는 요인이 될 수 있다. Nypa fruticans Wurmb (NF)에는 풍부한 식물화학물질(폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드)이 포함되어 있기 때문에 전통적으로 호흡기 및 질환을 치료하는데 사용되어져 왔다. 본 연구에서는 UVB로 자극된 Hs68 세포에서 NF 에틸아세테이트 분획물(ENF)의 DNA damage 치유 및 주름 관련 인자억제에 대한 효과를 조사했다. Westernblotting을 통해 DNA damage 관련 단백질 인자 및 주름 관련 단백질 인자의 발현을 확인했다. 또한, wound-healing 실험을 통해 ENF의 상처 회복 능력을 확인했다. ENF는 DNA damage 관련 단백질 인산화된 H2AX (γ-H2AX), checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), protein53 (p53), 및 인산화된 protein53 (p-p53)의 발현을 유의하게 억제했다. 뿐만아니라, ENF는 주름 관련 단백질 matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), 및 matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)의 발현도 억제했다. 고농도의 ENF 처리 시 Hs68 세포의 상처치유 효과도 확인되었다. 결론적으로, ENF는 γ-H2AX, Chk2, p53, 및 p-p53의 발현을 유의하게 억제해서 DNA damage를 치유하고 MMP-1, MMP-3, 및 MMP-9의 발현을 억제 함으로써 주름 생성억제가능성이 있다고 생각된다. 이러한 결과는 ENF가 UVB로 자극된 Hs68에서 γ-H2AX, Chk2, p53 및 MMP 경로를 조절하여 UVB로 인한 피부의 손상을 억제할 수 있는 천연자원으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.480-487
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• 2009

Atherosclerosis, slow progressing inflammatory lesion in arteries, is one of the major causes of cardiovascular diseases. As mortality due to cardiovascular disease keeps increasing in Korea, researches on pathological mechanism of atherosclerosis may be beneficial in fighting against cardiovascular diseases. It is known that migration and MMP-9 secretion of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell(VSMC) play a significant part in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, although detailed mechanism of entire process is not clarified. We investigated whether the seeds of Trichosanthes kirilowii maxim (TS), inhibit migration and MMP-9 production of HASMC(human aortic SMC), which were induced by TNF-${\alpha}$ treatment. Migration assay showed that TS inhibited the migration of HASMC induced by TNF-${\alpha}$, in dose dependent manner. Also by Zymography MMP-9 production of HASMC was found to be reduced by TS, both in time and in dose dependent manner. Western blotting results suggest TS suppress activity of MAPkinases.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.131-146
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• 1998

To examine the effect of Shiquandabutang on the metastasis of cancer, the following experiments were made. Before the main experiments, the cytotoxicity was measured by putting Shiquandabutang sample in HT1080. Then zymography was made to examine the change of gelatinolytic activity. And western blotting was carried out to examine the changes of Fos, Jun, Ets, the transcription factors of MMP-2, MMP-9, and Erk, JNK on signal transduction pathway to AP-1. Third, in vitro invasion assay with transwells coated by collagen and matrigel was carried out. From the results of the above the following conclusions were obtained. 1. The experimental result about cytotoxicity of Shiquandabutang against HT1080 was as below. The stained cell count after being treated by Shiquandabutang sample $400{\mu}g/ml$ for 24 hours was 0.9% of total cells, and the stained cell count by Shiquandabutang sample $100{\mu}g/ml$ was 1.5% of total cells. Both were near the level of control group which showed 0.6% stained. 2. The result of collagenase assay was as below. In Shiquandabutang sample $400{\mu}g/ml$, MMP-2 was reduced as compared with TPA control group, and the band of MMP-9 induced by TPA disappeared. In Shiquandabutang sample $800{\mu}g/ml$, both bands of MMP-2 and MMP-9 disappeared. 3. The results of western blots for Jun, Fos, Ets, Erk, JNK were as below. In Shiquandabutang sample $200{\mu}g/ml$, Ets was reduced, and Fos were increased. 4. The result of invasion assay was as below. The number of cells which migrated across transwell membrane in Shiquandabutang-treated group was less than that of +TPA control group. From the above results, it was concluded that Shiquandabutang might control the appearing and acting of collagenase not by the MMP-2, -9 promoter but by other way.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2018

Objectives: Auraptene, a natural citrus coumarin, found in plants of Rutaceae and Apiaceae families. In this study, we investigated the effects of auraptene on tumor migration, invasion and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 enzymes activity. Methods: The effects of auraptene on the viability of A2780 and Hela cell lines was evaluated by MTT assay. Wound healing migration assay and Boyden chamber assay were determined the effect of auraptene on migration and cell invasion, respectively. MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were analyzed by gelatin zymography assay. Results: Auraptene reduced A2780 cell viability. The results showed that auraptene inhibited in vitro migration and invasion of both cells. Furthermore, cell invasion ability suppressed at $100{\mu}M$ auraptene in Hela cells and at 25, $50{\mu}M$ in A2780 cell line. Gelatin zymography showed that for Hela cell line, auraptene suppressed MMP-2 enzymatic activity in all concentrations and for MMP-9 at a concentration between 12.5 to $100{\mu}M$ in A2780 cell line. Conclusion: Auraptene inhibited migration and invasion of human cervical and ovarian cancer cells in vitro by possibly inhibitory effects on MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity.