• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.321-329
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 매실 메탄올 추출물(maesil methanol fraction, MMF)을 제조하여 인체 전립선암세포 LNCaP, RC-58T 및 PC-3에 대한 증식억제 효과를 확인하였다. 인체 전립선암세포인 PC-3 및 RC-58T와 비교해보았을 때, LNCaP은 MMF의 처리에 따른 증식억제 효과에 가장 민감했다. LNCaP의 형태학적 관찰과 apoptotic body 형성을 관찰해보았으며, MMF의 처리로 인한 형태의 변화, 핵 손상 및 응축을 확인했다. MMF의 처리로 인한 인체 전립선암세포 LNCaP에서 성장억제 효과가 내인성 apoptosis 경로와 관련 있는지 확인한 결과, pro-apoptotic 단백질인 Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, PARP의 발현이 증가하였고, anti-apoptotic 단백질인 Bcl-2의 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인했다. MMF와 AIF inhibitor인 N-phenylmalemide (N-PM)의 병용처리군에 비해 MMF 단독처리군의 증식억제 효과가 유의적으로 나타났으며 AIF 및 Endo G의 발현 증가를 통해 외인성 apoptosis 경로에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인했다. 또한 PI3K inhibitor인 LY294002와 MMF의 병용처리군에 비해 MMF 단독처리군의 증식억제 효과가 유의적으로 나타났으며 PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR의 발현 감소를 통해 PI3K/Akt/mTOR 신호경로에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인했다. 결론적으로 인체 전립선암세포 LNCaP에서 MMF의 증식억제 효과는 천연물 유래 기능성 식품의 소재로써의 가능성을 보여준다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.151-158
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• 2010

Therapeutic drug monitoring of Mycophenolate mofetil(MMF) has been suggested in some clinical trials, but has not been widely adopted in Korea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the withdrawal rates of MMF and determine the characteristics of the patients who experienced adverse reactions with MMF therapy and to suggest the criteria for selecting patients who need monitoring of MMF levels. We retrospectively collected data of patients who started MMF between July 2007 and June 2008. A total of 154 adult patients were included in our study. Among them, ninety seven patients discontinued MMF with 59 cases being due to adverse drug reactions. Thirty one patients required dosage reduction of MMF with twenty three cases being due to adverse reactions. Twenty six patients continued the MMF without or with mild adverse reactions. Of the 82 adverse reaction cases, hematologic adverse reactions accounted for 38 cases (46%) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions accounted for 28 cases (34%). Older age and lower serum albumin levels were significantly different characteristics between the patients who withdraw MMF due to hematological adverse reactions and those who were able to continue therapy. The group who experienced GI adverse reactions had higher MMF dosages based on body weight and lower serum albumin levels. In conclusion, the factors affecting the adverse reactions of MMF were age, serum albumin level and higher dosage, therefore therapeutic drug monitoring of MMF should be considered in these patients.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.7-15
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• 1975

The maximum breathing capacity (MBC) and the maximum mid-expiratory flow rate (MMF) are widely used in evaluation of the ventilatory function, among various parameters of pulmonary function. The MBC volume is the amount of gas which can be exchanged per unit time during maximal voluntary hyperventilation. Performance of this test, unlike that of single breath maneuvers, is affected by the integrity of the respiratory bellows as a whole including such factors are respiratory muscle blood supply, fatigue, and progressive trapping of air. Because of this, the MBC and its relation to ventilatory requirement correlates more closely with subjective dyspnea than does any other test. The MMF is the average flow rate during expiration of the middle 50% of the vital capacity. The MMF is a measurement of a fast vital capacity related to the time required for the maneuver and the MMF relates much better to other dynamic tests of ventilatory function and to dyspnea than total vital capacity, because the MMF reflects the effective volume, or gas per unit of time. Therefore, it is important to have a prediction formula with one can compute the normal value for the subject and the compare with the measured value. However, the formulas for prediction of both MBC and MMF of the Korean children and adolescents are not yet available in the present. Hence, present investigation was attempt to derive the formulas for prediction of both MBC and MMF of the Korean children and adolescents. MBC and MMF were measured in 1,037 healthy Korean children and adolescents (1,035 male and 1,002 female) whose ages ranged from 8 to 18 years. A spirometer (9L, Collins) was used for the measurement of MBC and MMF. Both MBC and MMF were measured 3times in a standing position and the highest values were used. For measurement, the $CO_2$ absorber and sadd valve were removed from the spirometer in order to reduce the resistance in the breathing circuit and the subject was asked to breathe as fast and deeply as possible for 12 seconds in MBC and to exhale completely as fast as possible after maximum inspiration for MMF. During the measurement, investigator stood by the subject to give a constant encouragement. All the measured values were subsequently converted to values at BTPS. The formulas for MBC and MMF were derived by a manner similar to those for Baldwin et al (1949) and Im (1965) as function of age and BSA or age and height. The prediction formulas for MBC (L/min, BTPS) and MMF (L/min, BTPS) of the Korean children and adolescents as derived in this investigation are as follows: For male, MBC=[41.70+{$2.69{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}BSA$ $(m^{2})$ MBC=[0.083+{$0.045{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm) For female, MBC=[45.53+{$1.55{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}BSA$ $(m^2)$ MBC=[0.189+{$0.029{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm) For male, MMF= [0.544+{$0.066{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm) For female, MMF=[0.416+{$0.064{\times}Age(years)$}]${\times}Ht$ (cm)

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was undertaken to verify the effects of Massa Medicata Fermentata (MMF) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using high fat diet-fed male mice. Methods : Fifty four male C57BL/6N mice (age matched) were used for all experiments. Nine standard chow diet-fed mice were used as normal group and forty five high fat diet-fed obese mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, atorvastatin-10mg/kg, MMF(1)-62.5mg/kg, MMF(2)-125mg/kg and MMF(3)-250mg/kg. After all groups were treated with several kinds of diets for 8 weeks, we measured body weight gain, adipose tissue weights, plasma lipid and glucose metabolism, visceral organ weights, histological analysis for liver on the mice. Results : MMF-treated mice had lower body weight gain compared with controls. Among MMF-treated mice, the effect was magnified in MMF(2). MMF(3)-treated mice had lower blood plasma total cholesterol (TC) and glucose level compared with controls. MMF decreased hepatic lipid accumulation, liver fibrosis and liver inflammation of mice compared with controls. The effects was maximized in MMF(2) and atorvastatin. Blood plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase (${\gamma}$-GT) concentrations tends to be decreased by MMF compared with controls. Blood plasma AST, ALT, ${\gamma}$-GT concentrations and organ weights were not changed by MMF, indicating that all three kinds of MMF do not show any hepatotoxicity. Conclusions : These results suggest that MMF improves NAFLD by reducing body weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation, liver fibrosis, liver inflammation.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

Purpose: Steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) is a chronic illness in childhood hard to treat. Steroid sparing drugs are often used, because long-term steroid therapy can cause severe side effects. We studied to compare efficacy between MMF and other drugs including cyclosporine and levamisole. Methods: This study was performed retrospectively on patients with SDNS, who were treated at Pusan National University Children's hospital. MMF group included 11 patients who were treated with MMF for at least six months between June 2012 and July 2014. As control groups, cyclosporine group (n=15) and levamisole group (n=18) included patients treated between January 2008 and July 2014. Number of relapse was analyzed in patients treated more than six months, and relapse free for one year was analyzed in patients treated more than one year. Results: In MMF group, ten were boys and mean age at onset was 5.8 years. Mean age at starting of MMF was 8.6 years. Number of relapse in MMF group was reduced significantly after treatment from 3.4 /year to 0.2 /year (P=0.003). There was no significant difference in number of relapse among groups (MMF: 0.2 /year, cyclosporine: 0.5 /year, levamisole: 0.5 /year). Comparing the early relapse within six months after treatment levamisole group was significantly higher than the other two groups (P=0.04). Conclusions: MMF which is used in SDNS significantly reduced the relapse and side effects were rare. In addition, MMF did not show any significant difference in comparison with the other two groups in number of relapse and relapse free for one year.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.56-65
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• 2007

NGN에서 끊김없는 서비스 제공을 위해 현재 다양한 이동성 방안들이 ITU-T, 3GPP, IETF 등에서 연구되고 있다. 그 결과 MIPv6, IP2, Q.MMF, IMS등의 다양한 이동성 관리 기술들이 제안되었다. 그러나 아직 각 기술들이 이동성 관리 시 나타내는 성능 분석 및 비교에 관한 연구는 이뤄지지 않고 있다. 따라서 동일한 성능 파라미터에 따른 각 이동성 방안들 간의 성능 비교가 요구된다. 본 논문은 MIPv6, IP2, Q.MMF에서 위치등록 과정 동안 소요되는 지연을 비용과 시간 측면으로 나누어 각각의 성능을 분석하고, 그 분석 결과를 비교한다. 분석 결과 Q.MMF Case1이 최소의 비용과 시간을 소요함으로써 다른 메커니즘들 보다 좋은 성능을 보였다. Q.MMF Case 1은 단말이 하나의 액세스네트워크 내에서 이동하는 경우의 위치등록 과정으로, 이 경우 액세스네트워크의 LLM이 단말의 위치를 관리하므로 다른 경우 보다 낮은 위치등록비용과 시간을 소요한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.65-77
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• 2005

Present article reviews about clinical pharmacology of mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active form of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), as widely used component of immunosuppressive regimens in the organ transplantation field. MMF, used alone or concomitantly with cyclosporine or tacrolimus, has approved in reducing the incidence of acute rejection and has gained widespread use in solid organ such as kidney, heart and liver transplantation. The application of MPA and development of MMF has shown a considerable impact on immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation as a new immunosuppressive agent with different mechanism of action from other drugs after early 1990s. In particular aspect, use of MMF, a morpholinoethyl ester of MPA, represented a significant advance in the prevention of organ allograft rejection as well as allograft and patient survival. In considering MMF clinical data, it is important to note that there is a strong correlation between high MPA area under curve(AUC) values and a low probability of acute allograft rejection. Individual trials have shown that MMF is generally well tolerated and revealed that MMF decreased the relative risk of developing chronic allograft rejection compared with azathioprine. Recent clinical investigations suggested that improved effectiveness and tolerability will results from the incorporation of MPA therapeutic drug monitoring into routine clinical practice, providing effective MMF dose individualization in renal and heart transplant patients. Therefore, MMF has a selective immunosuppressive effect with minimal toxicity and has shown to be more effective that other agents as next step of immunosuppressive agents and regimens that deliver effective graft protection and immunosuppression along with a more favorable side effect.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2006

현재 ITU-T, 3GPP, IETF등에서 차세대 네트워크에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 차세대 네트워크(NGN)에서 끊김 없는 서비스(seamless service)를 제공해주기 위해 이동성(mobility)의 제공은 필수요소가 되었다. 이러한 이동성 기술로는 MIPv6,0, Q.MMF, IMS등이 있으나 아직 각 기술들이 갖는 이동성지원관련 성능을 분석하고 비교한 연구는 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 각 성능 파라미터에 따른 제안된 방안들의 성능 비교가 요구된다. 이 논문은 MIPv6,0, Q.MMF, IMS의 이동성 관련 동작을 살펴보고, 각 메커니즘들의 위치등록 과정 동안 소요되는 시간과 비용을 조사하고 비교한다. 또한 NS-2를 이용한 시뮬레이션을 통해 각 프로토콜에서 핸드오버 시 발생하는 지연을 비교한다. 그 결과 위치등록 과정동안 소요되는 시간과 비용 면에서 Q.MMF가 다른 메커니즘들보다 좋은 성능을 보였다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 알아본 핸드오버 지연시간 면에서도 Q.MMF가 가장 좋은 성능을 보였다.

• 전기의세계
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.15-21
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• 1972

For the conventional DC machine, the armature MMF is negligible compared with field MMF except when the machine is under heavy load or transient conditions. During the motor starting or reversal, the transient armature current and corresponding MMF effect the flux density of each pole in the machine magnetic circuit. However, the circuit flux density is restored to normal values by the field winding MMF after the transient armature current dies in an electromagnetic DC motor. Permanent magnet servomotor have no field windings about the circuit poles to restore circuit flux density through the demagnetized part of each pole after the transient armature MMF dies, and portions of the magnetic circuit stay permanently demagnetized. Thus the problem of stabilizing a magnet pole piece under the influence of the transient armature current need attentions. This work present the recoil operation of the servomotor with PM poles in conjunctions with the influence of the armature reaction effect. The development of an analytical and quantatative study is presented for predicting the regime of the recoil operation under this condition.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.597-603
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• 2019

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a core enzyme of the aerobic glycolytic pathway with versatile functions and is associated with cancer development. Recently, Kornberg et al. published the detailed correlation between GAPDH and di- or monomethyl fumarate (DMF or MMF), which are well-known GAPDH antagonists in the immune system. As an extension, herein, we report the crystal structure of MMF-bound human GAPDH at $2.29{\AA}$. The MMF molecule is covalently linked to the catalytic Cys152 of human GAPDH, and inhibits the catalytic activity of the residue and dramatically reduces the enzymatic activity of GAPDH. Structural comparisons between $NAD^+$-bound GAPDH and MMF-bound GAPDH revealed that the covalently linked MMF can block the binding of the $NAD^+$ cosubstrate due to steric hindrance of the nicotinamide portion of the $NAD^+$ molecule, illuminating the specific mechanism by which MMF inhibits GAPDH. Our data provide insights into GAPDH antagonist development for GAPDH-mediated disease treatment.