• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.85-98
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• 2016

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of cell growth and survival in physiological and pathological processes. Aberrant MAPK signaling plays a critical role in the development and progression of human cancer, as well as in determining responses to cancer treatment. The MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), also known as dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs), are a family of proteins that function as major negative regulators of MAPK activities in mammalian cells. Studies using mice deficient in specific MKPs including MKP1/DUSP1, PAC-1/DUSP2, MKP2/DUSP4, MKP5/DUSP10 and MKP7/DUSP16 demonstrated that these molecules are important not only for both innate and adaptive immune responses, but also for metabolic homeostasis. In addition, the consequences of the gain or loss of function of the MKPs in normal and malignant tissues have highlighted the importance of these phosphatases in the pathogenesis of cancers. The involvement of the MKPs in resistance to cancer therapy has also gained prominence, making the MKPs a potential target for anti-cancer therapy. This review will summarize the current knowledge of the MKPs in cancer development, progression and treatment outcomes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.31 no.6_2
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• pp.611-623
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• 2013

Point cloud data (i.e., LiDAR; Light Detection and Ranging) collected by Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) system is one of the major sources for surface reconstruction including DEM generation, topographic mapping and object modeling. Recently, demand and requirement of the accurate and realistic Digital Building Model (DBM) increase for geospatial platforms and spatial data infrastructure. The main issues in the object modeling such as building and city modeling are efficiency of the methodology and quality of the final products. Efficiency and quality are associated with automation and accuracy, respectively. However, these two factors are often opposite each other. This paper aims to introduce correction scheme of incorrectly determined Model Key Points (MKPs) regardless of the segmentation method. Planimetric and height locations of the MKPs were refined by surface patch fitting based on the Least-Squares Solution (LESS). The proposed methods were applied to the synthetic and real LiDAR data. Finally, the results were analyzed by comparing adjusted MKPs with the true building model data.

• Biodesign
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.79-83
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• 2018

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are one of the most important enzymes in various cellular activities, and the MAPK signaling pathway is implicated in many disorders. MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) are regulators that contain a MAPK-binding domain (MBD) for MAPK recognition, and a catalytic domain (CD), for dephosphorylation and inactivation of MAPKs. Due to their crucial role in regulating the MAPK pathway, MKPs are regarded as a potential drug target in various diseases. Attempts have also been made to regulate the MAPK pathway by reducing the MKP activity. For drug development, it is important to understand the key features of MAPK-MKP complex formation. This review summarizes the studies on MAPK-MKP complexes, mainly focusing on their selective recognition and catalytic activation.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known pattern recognition receptors. Among the 13 TLRs, TLR2 is the most known receptor for immune response. It activates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which are counterbalanced by MAPK phosphatases [MKPs or dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs)]. However, the regulatory mechanism of DUSPs is still unclear. In this study, the effect of a TLR2 ligand (TLR2L, Pam3CSK4) on DUSP4 expression in Raw264.7 cells was demonstrated. Methods: A Raw264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 g/mL streptomycin) at $37^{\circ}C$ in 5% $CO_2$. TLR2L (Pam3CSK4)-mediated DUSP4 expressions were confirmed with RT-PCR and western blot analysis. In addition, the detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured with lucigenin assay. Results: Pam3CSK4 induced the expression of DUSP1, 2, 4, 5 and 16. The DUSP4 expression was also increased by TLR4 and 9 agonists (lipopolysaccharide and CpG ODN, respectively). Pam3CSK4 also induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and ROS production, and the Pam3CSK4-induced DUSP4 expression was decreased by ERK1/2 (U0126) and ROS (DPI) inhibitors. U0126 suppressed the ROS production by Pam3CSK4. Conclusion: Pam3CSK4-mediated DUSP4 expression is regulated by ERK1/2 and ROS. This finding suggests the physiological importance of DUSP4 in TLR2-mediated immune response.