• Title/Summary/Keyword: MINIMUM AREA

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Area-Optimization for VLSI by CAD (CAD에 의한 VLSI 설계를 위한 면적 최적화)

  • Yi, Cheon-Hee
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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    • v.24 no.4
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    • pp.708-712
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    • 1987
  • This paper deals with minimizing layout area of VLSI design. A long wire in a VLSI layout causes delay which can be reduced by using a driver. There can be significant area increase when many drivers are introduced in a layout. This paper describes a method to obtain tight bound on the worst-case increase in area when drivers are introduced along many long wires in a layout. The area occupied by minimum-area embedding for a circuit can depend on the aspect ratio of the bounding rectangle of the layout. This paper presents a separator-based area optimal embeddings for VLSI graphs in rectangles of several aspect ratios.

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A Study on Typhoon Numbers and Intensity According to the Sea Areas of Occurrence (발생 해역별 태풍의 수와 세기에 관한 연구)

  • Seol, Dong-Il
    • Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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    • v.33 no.10
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    • pp.679-683
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    • 2009
  • Typhoon numbers and intensity according to the sea areas of occurrence(sea area of A : Caroline Marshall Islands and vicinity, sea area of B : north of $20^{\circ}N$, sea area of C : greater coasting area of Philippines, sea area of D : South China Sea) were analyzed for 22years from 1986 to 2007 using the meteorological administration's data. Yearly mean typhoon numbers are 26.3 and are showed decreasing trend in the sea areas of A, B, C and D. The decreasing trend is especially notable in the sea area of A and is slight in the sea area of D. Yearly mean typhoon number is most in the sea area of A(13.8, about 53% of all), the next orders are the sea area C(5.6, about 21%), sea area of B(3.8, about 14%) and sea area of D(3.1, about 12%). Typhoon intensity is strongest in the sea area of A(mean central minimum pressure : 951hPa), the next orders are the sea area C(970hPa), sea area of B(975hPa) and sea area of D(983hPa). The time series of yearly mean central minimum pressures for whole sea area is showed slightly decreasing trend, it means that typhoon intensity is strengthened gradually. Results of this ste seare in accord with simulated results on typhoon vntrations in the global warming.

The Changes of Meteorological Environment by Urban Development (대규모 도시 재개발에 따른 기상환경변화)

  • Kim, Geun-Hoi;Kim, Yeon-Hee;Koo, Hae-Jung;Kim, Kyu-Rang;Jung, Hyun-Sook
    • Atmosphere
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 2014
  • Urbanization affects the local thermal environment due to the large scale land use changes. To investigate the weather environment change of large scale urban redevelopment, 9 surface temperature and humidity observations were accomplished at Eunpyeong new town area. The observation period is from March 2007 to February 2010. In the center of development area, the air temperature has increased and relative humidity has decreased, by the changes of the land cover and building construction. In the area where the green zone is maintained, air temperature and relative humidity were not changed significantly. The air temperature and relative humidity for the other development observation stations is decreased and increased, respectively. The relative temperature difference between study area and a neighboring rural location was increased during observation periods. The difference is the highest during winter. The urban-rural minimum temperature difference was increased at development area, which means that urbanization affects increasing of minimum temperature in study area.

A Study on the Area and Clearances around Patient Bed Space in Intensive Care Unit (중환자실 병상주변공간의 면적과 간격에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Hyunjin;Kwon, Soonjung
    • Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.47-55
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    • 2019
  • Purpose: This study tries to propose the dimensions and area related to patient bed and surroundings in ICU considering nurses' observation and medical care. Methods: Literature survey, 11 Case studies, some Interviews with nurses and measuring of medical equipments' dimension in ICU have been mobilized in order to deepen the ICU bed area standards. Results: 0.3m clearance between head wall and patient bed is necessary for emergency cases. The minimum distance at the foot of the bed should not be less than 0.9m for EMR cart and medical tray. The clear floor area of one bed and surroundings in open ward is $10.2m^2(3m{\times}3.4m)$. In a single-bed patient room, the minimum clear floor area is $16.0m^2(4m{\times}4m)$. Considering the control of cross infection in ICU, Single bed patient room is recommended. Implications: The result of this study can be applied to the design of ICU and legislation of ICU standard.

A Study on the Distributions of Minimum Temperature during January in the Central Region of South Korea: focused on Minimum Temperature at Cheorwon (기압배치형별 중부지방의 1월 최저기온 분포에 관한 연구: 철원의 최저기온을 중심으로)

  • Lee, Seungho;Jang, Jiwon
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.32-44
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    • 2014
  • This study aimed to analyze the characteristic of the distribution of minimum temperature during January in the central region of South Korea and to investigate causes for the occurrence of extreme minimum temperature in Cheorwon. January temperature distribution data which were collected from 25 weather stations in central area from 1991 to 2010 were investigated, and the difference of temperature between Cheorwon and the other stations in central region, such as Chuncheon, Hongcheon, Bonghwa, Daegwallyoung, Wonju and Jecheon were analyzed by the type of atmospheric pressure system. Daily mean temperature and mean of daily minimum temperature appear to be low at Cheorwon and at the sites in high altitudes, but the frequency of extreme cold wave such as below $-15^{\circ}C$ is also noticeable in Cheorwon. When the Siberian High has expanded and migratory anticyclone has moved onto the north of the Korean Peninsula, the temperature at Cheorwon is relatively low. Furthermore it shows a lesser difference between Cheorwon and the compared stations when the migratory anticyclone affected the area, even at basin like Bonghwa, Jecheon more lower than Cheorwon.

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A Study on the Effect of Air Temperature Change due to Industrialization in Ulsan Area (산업화에 따른 울산지역의 기온변동 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Cho, Eek-Hyun;Ahn, Joong-Bae;Sohn, Keon-Tae
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.191-194
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    • 1998
  • In this research, two stochastic models are considered to detect and estimate the effect of air temperature change due to Industrialization In Ulsan area. Using the monthly mean minimum air temperature anomalies, the data are divided Into pre-Industrialization part and Industrialization one for analysis. The ARM(autoregressive moving-average) model and intervention model have been applied to the data for the analysis. The results show that the variability of minimum temperature anomalies are very significant In 1989, and also significant In 1971 when the Industrialization have started. Therefore, It Is stochastically possible to estimate the time when the affection of Increase of the temperature concerning Industrialization to climate change In Usm area has happened.

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Estimating the AUC of the MROC curve in the presence of measurement errors

  • G, Siva;R, Vishnu Vardhan;Kamath, Asha
    • Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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    • v.29 no.5
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    • pp.533-545
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    • 2022
  • Collection of data on several variables, especially in the field of medicine, results in the problem of measurement errors. The presence of such measurement errors may influence the outcomes or estimates of the parameter in the model. In classification scenario, the presence of measurement errors will affect the intrinsic cum summary measures of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. In the context of ROC curve, only a few researchers have attempted to study the problem of measurement errors in estimating the area under their respective ROC curves in the framework of univariate setup. In this paper, we work on the estimation of area under the multivariate ROC curve in the presence of measurement errors. The proposed work is supported with a real dataset and simulation studies. Results show that the proposed bias-corrected estimator helps in correcting the AUC with minimum bias and minimum mean square error.

Quantitative Growth Analysis of White and Reddish Sword Bean

  • Park, Sun-Young;Doo, Hong-Soo;Song, Seung-Kyoung;Ryu, Jeom-Ho
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.46 no.2
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    • pp.89-94
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    • 2001
  • Sword bean belongs to the subgenus Canavalia in the genus Canavalia. White and reddish varieties in sword bean were tested to obtain the basic information for improving the yield, quality, and cultural environments through the quantitative growth analysis. Growing plants were sampled at intervals of 10 days from 20 days after sowing. Whole plant weight increased during the period of 11-20 days after sowing in both varieties. The weight of each organ between two varieties increased similarly except leaf area. Whole plant weight changed more close to pod weight than any other characters. The leaf areas of both varieties increased from 50 days after sowing, var. white displayed S type curved line but var. reddish displayed slow S type curved line. The SGR of whole plant weight in both varieties had 3 maxima and 2 minima, 3 maxima and first minimum were shown at the same period but the second minimum was shown at different period. Both varieties showed bimodal curved line. All SGR of each organ and leaf area were shown the 2 maxima and 1 minimum in both varieties. The changes of SLA and LAR were not remarkable between two varieties but these were united together with the maximum of whole plant weight and root weight. ULWR and ULWR were shown similar in both varieties. Reddish variety was more prosperous in early growth stage than white variety because SLA, LAR and LWR were high. In surplus weight, both varieties increased rapidly during the period of 111-120 days after sowing that was applicable to the maximum SGR of pod weight. Surplus weight of var. white increased markedly during the same period comparing those of var. reddish.

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Efficient AT-Complexity Generator Finding First Two Minimum Values for Bit-Serial LDPC Decoding (비트-직렬 LDPC 복호를 위한 효율적 AT 복잡도를 가지는 두 최소값 생성기)

  • Lee, Jea Hack;Sunwoo, Myung Hoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.53 no.12
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    • pp.42-49
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    • 2016
  • This paper proposes a low-complexity generator which finds the first two minimum values using bit-serial scheme. A low-complexity generator is an important part for low-area LDPC decoders based on the min-sum decoding algorithm because the hardware complexity of generators utilizes a significant portion of LDPC decoders. To reduce hardware complexity, bit-serial LDPC decoders has been studied. The generator of the existing bit-serial LDPC decoders can find only the first minimum value, and thus it leads to a BER performance degradation. The proposed generator using bit-serial scheme finds the first two minimum values. Hence, it can improve the BER performance. In addition, the area-time complexity of the proposed generator is lower than those of the existing generators finding the first two minima.

Characteristics of Air Temperature Variations under Different Land Covers during Summer (여름철 토지피복별 기온변화 특성)

  • Kim, Jin-Soo;Park, Jong-Wha;Jung, Gu-Young;Oh, Kwang-Young
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.79-88
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    • 2007
  • We investigated the characteristics of temperature variations under different land covers (paddy field, upland, urban park, and urban residential area) during hot summer (July 15 to August 19, 2005). The temperatures were monitored using data loggers at one hour intervals in study sites. The mean temperature generally increased with the distance from edge of paddy fields, being $1.5^{\circ}C$ higher at a site 170-m far from paddy fields than at a paddy field area at 22 h. The mean daily temperatures in the study period followed the ordo. of paddy field $(26.6^{\circ}C)$ < upland $(27.0^{\circ}C)$ < park $(27.5^{\circ}C)$ < residential area $(28.0^{\circ}C)$. The paddy field area has shown remarkable cooling effects compared to the residential area: Mean duration of temperature below $25^{\circ}C$ in the paddy field area was longer (8.6 hrs) than in the residential area; The time to fall to below $25^{\circ}C$ in the paddy field area was sooner (22.4 hr) than in the residential area; Mean daily minimum temperature in the paddy field area was much lower $(2.4^{\circ}C)$ than in the residential area. More research is needed to better clarify the mechanism of cooling effect of a paddy field area by investigating heat balance of a paddy field.