• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.8
• /
• pp.1214-1220
• /
• 2003

Antimicrobial activity of Rhus javanica (RJ) extract against animal husbandry disease-related bacteria was determined by a paper disc method. The RJ extracts showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Gram positive (+) bacteria and especially the activity was most potent against L. monocytogenes and S. epidermidis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the MeOH and EtOH extracts of RJ were in the range of 0.8 ∼ 16 mg/mL and 0.8 ∼ 10 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, among five solvent fractions (n-hexane, CHC1$_3$, EtOAc, n-BuOH and $H_2O$ frs.) from MeOH extract of RJ, the EtOAc fr. exhibited the most significant antimicrobial activity The antimicrobial activities of RJ extracts against most microbial strains were unstable by either heat treatment or acid treatment. The inhibitory effect of RJ extracts on microbial cell growth was further examined by the addition of 0, 100, 300, and 500 ppm of RJ extracts into growth medium. The growth of gram positive (+) bacteria, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and L. monocytogenes was inhibited for 72 hours when at least 300 ppm of RJ extracts added, but the growth of gram negative (-) bacteria was only inhibited when at least 500 ppm of RJ extracts were added. Taken together, tile antimicrobial activities of RJ extracts were more effective against gram positive (+) bacteria compared to those against gram negative (-) bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.1164-1170
• /
• 2001

Antimutagenic and antimicrobial effects of cucumber extracts were investigated. Antimutagenic effects of cucumber extract against aflatoxin (AFB$_1$) as indirect mutagen and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrcsoguanidine (MNNG) as direct mutagen using the Ames assay system with Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were studied. 1.25~5.0% of methanol extract exhibited 11 ~ 17% of antimutagenity against AFB$_1$ and 46~85% of antimutagenity against MNNG. Among fractions of methanol extract, hexane fraction exhibited the highest antimutagenic effect against AFB$_1$ (89%) and butanol fraction exhibited the highest antimutagenic effect against MNNG (95%). Antimicrobial effects of cucumber extract were investigated on the eleven microorganisms. Methanol extract showed anitimicrobial effect on eight microorganisms. Among these tested microorganisms, Klebsiella pnemonia KCTC 2208, pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004 were the most sensitively inhibited with 13 mm clear zone on holo test. Hexane fraction showed anitimicrobial effect only on Vibrio parahaemolyticus KCTC 2471. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed a weak effect. V. parahaemolyticus showed the lowest minium inhibitory concentration (MIC) (500 ppm) among eleven tested microorganisms by methanol extract. Sterilization effect of 1% methanol extract on P. aeruginosa incubation is 10 times stronger than 0.5% methanol extract. It estimated to need 26 min for the sterilization of 90% P. aeruginosa cell counts by 1% methanol extract but 250 min by 0.5% methanol extract.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.6-11
• /
• 1998

The activities of two types of antiulcer agents against 9 strains of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) were determined by the agar dilution method. The antiulcer agents were YJA20379, a newly synthesized proton pump inhibitor developed by Yung-jin Pharmaceutical company, and omeprazole. Both compounds were found to have significant activities against this organism. The MIC values of YJA20379 and omeprazole were 11.7 and $31.25{\mu.g/ml}$ respectively. In addition, the inhibitory potency of both compounds was investigated on H. pylori urease which is believed to be an important colonization and virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gastritis and peptic ulcers. These compounds dose-dependently inhibited urease extracted with distilled water and their $IC_50$ values were $16.4{\times}10^{-5} M and 14.3{\times}10^{-5}M,$ respectively. In addition, a pH-dependent study to determine whether inhibitory potency would be activated by acid condition was performed. It was found that unlike omeprazole, YJA20379 was not affected by acid condition. To determine the inhibition pattern and optimal concentration of substrate, kinetics were evaluated at various pH levels (pH 5.0, 7.0, and 8.5). The data show that YJA20379 noncompetitively inhibited H. pylori urease and $K_M/K_i$values were 0.96 $mM/60{\mu}M (pH 5.0), 0.56 mM/141.5 {\mu}M (pH 7.0)$, and $1.94mM/34{\mu}M (pH 8.5)$, respectively. Based on data obtained, it is concluded that YJA20379 is a significant inhibitor of H. pylori growth and urease and therefore, taking these results into consideration, YJA20379 might be a beneficial therapy for gastritis and peptic ulcers induced by H. pylori.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.157-162
• /
• 2003

Various extracts of higher plants have been used in traditional medicine systems for centuries. While tropical and sub-tropical plants have received considerable attention from the researchers for evaluation of their bioactivity, temeperate plants have always been neglected somewhat. Similarly, seeds of the plants have not been considered seriously compared to other plant parts, e.g. leaves, stems, roots, flowers, etc. as a potential source for biologically active compounds. As part of our on-going evaluation of the extracts of the seeds of temperate plants, especially from Scotland, for biological activity, Achillea millefolium, Angelica sylvestris and Phleum pratense have been chosen for the present study. Both A. millefolium and A. sylvestris are well known for their traditional medicinal uses in Europe and also in the orient, but there is no report on any medicinal properties of P. pratense available to date. Extracts of the seeds of these plants have been assessed for their antioxidant and antibacterial potential and also for general toxicity. Both DCM and MeOH extracts of A. millefolium showed the most significant broad spectrum antibacterial activity among the three plants and inhibited the growth of almost all test strains of bacteria. The DCM extracts of all three species were active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Citrobacter freundii $(MIC=6.25{\times}10^{-1}\;mg/mL)$. While the MeOH extracts of A. millefolium and P. pratense were active against C. freundii, that of P. pratense was also active against MRSA. The MeOH extract of A. sylvestris did not show any antibacterial activity against any of the eight bacterial strains at test concentrations. The MeOH extract of P. pratense showed the most prominent antioxidant activity $(IC_{50}=145\;{\mu}g/ml)$ and there was no antioxidant activity observed with the DCM extract of A. millefolium. The DCM extract of P. pratense was the most toxic $(LC_{50}=20\;{\mu}g/ml)$ among the extracts.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.18-35
• /
• 1999

Coptidis Rhizoma, Fraxini Cortex, Jinpisan(秦皮散) have been as eye washes of inflammatory eye disease in the oriental medicine. Especially Jinpisan(秦皮散) has been used for the disease which is similar to Peudomonas aeruginisa keratitis. This research was attempted to investigate the effect of Coptidis Rhizoma, Fraxini Cortex, Jinpisan(秦皮散), on Peudoronas aeruginisa keratitis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis causes a deep rapid intense ulceration which often leads to perforation of the cornea within 48 hours. In this research, we induced keratits in the rabbits by inoculating Pesudomonas aeruginosa(9027) and observed the effect on the keratitis and the irritation against the external eye. Also we mesured the minimum inhibitory consentration(MIC) of Coptidis Rhizoma, Fraxini Cortex, Jinpisan(秦皮散) by agar diliution method and the anti-bacterial activites by disk method. The tested bacteria were as follows : a) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9027), b) Streptococcus pneumoniae(6303), c) Staphylococcus epidermidis(12228), d) Staphylococcus aureus(6538P). The results were as follows ; 1. The groups which were applied eye washes of Fraxini Cortex, Jinpisan reavealed a significant effect, but the group applied eye wash of Coptidis Rhizoma reveaded no effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. 2. Applying eye washes of Coptidis Rhizoma, Fraxini Cortex, Jinisan revealed an irritation against external eyes. 3. Coptidis Rhizoma showed an anti-bacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylucoccus aureus by agar diliution method 4. Coptidis Rhizoma showed an anti-bacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus by disk method. 5. Fraxini Cortex showed an anti-bacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus by agar diliution method 6. Fraxini Cortex showed an anti-bacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sireptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphy1ococcus aureus by disk method. 7. Jinpisan showed an anti-bacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus by agar diliution method. 8. Jinpisan showed an anti-bacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus by disk method. According to the above results, Fraxini Cortex, Jinpisan(秦皮散) are recognized to have an effective treatment on the Pesudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, so this experiment is thought to be a basic ingredient in proving the effect of Fraxini Cortex, Jinpisan which is applied many in documents and clinical medicine. In the comparison of anti-bacterial activity and results of treatment on the Pesudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, Jinpisan(秦皮散) was more effective than Coptidis Rhizoma, Fraxini Cortex.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.31 no.6
• /
• pp.502-506
• /
• 2014

Recently nano particles have proven for wide array of bioactive properties. In the present study, antibacterial properties of chitosan silver nano composites (CAgNCs) were investigated against fish pathogenic Edwardsiella tarda. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CAgNCs against E. tarda were $25{\mu}g/mL$ and $125{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) image of CAgNCs treated E. tarda showed the strongly damaged bacteria cells than non-treated bacteria. Furthermore, treatment of CAgNCs induced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in E. tarda cells in concentration and time dependent manner suggesting that it may generate oxidative stress leading to bacterial cell death. In addition, MTT assay results showed that the lowest cell viability at $100{\mu}g/mL$ of CAgNCs treated E. tarda. Overall results of this study suggest that CAgNCs is a potential antibacterial agent to control pathogenic bacteria.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.120-126
• /
• 2000

Purpose : Tumor hypoxia can be overcome with hypoxic cytotoxin. In mouse tumor, tirapazamine's efficacy of the potentiating radiation effect was tested by the tumor oxygenation status combined with hype facti on ated rad iotherapy .:The control and hypoxic mouse tumors we established by inoculation of RIF-1 tumor cells into the normal or previously irradiated back and thigh of C3H mice. When the tumors reached a proper size, both the control and hypoxic tumors were given hypefractionated treatments (8fractions/4 days) with saline (0.02 ml/g), tirapazamin (0.08 mM/0.02 ml/kg), irradiation (2.5 Gy), irradiation combined with tirapazamine given 30 minutes prior to each irradiation. The response was evaluated by the growth delay assay by measuring tumor size from day 0 (12 hrs prior to the first fractionation) to the day when the volume had 4-fold increase or cross sectional area had 2-fold increase. Results : Overall growth pattern showed that tirapazamine Potentiated radiation effect in back and thigh tumors grew in the normal and preirradiated tumor bed. With growth delay assay using reference point of initial tumor volume or cross sectional area, tirapazamine potentiated radiation effect 1.9 times for the control and 2.4 times for the hypoxic tumors in back, and 1.85 times for the control and 1.6 times for the hypoxic tumors. With reference of 4-fold increase of the initial volume or 2-fold increase of the cross sectional area, tirapazamine potentiated radiation effect 1.48 times for the control and 2.02 times for the hypxic tumors in back, and 1.85 times for the control and 1.6 times for the hypoxic tumors. Conclusions : Present result indicated that radiation response of hypoxic tumors was potentiated by tirapazamine in the back or thigh tumors grew in the control or preirradiated tumor bed, and potentiation of the hypoxic tumors was eDual to or greater than that of the control tumors in the back or thigh.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.405-411
• /
• 2005

Chitosan, second largest biomass after cellulose on earth, has potential for use as functional food package due to its antibacterial activity. However, due to high melting temperature of chitosan, chitosan films have been made by casting method. Because gelatin has relatively low molting temperature depending upon amount of plasticizer added, it was added to chitosan to produce commercially feasible film. The objective of the current study was to determine optimum blend ratio and amount of chitosan/gelatin blend solutions against antibacterial activities for extruder resin. Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313) and -negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella enteritidis IFO 3313) were used. Paper (8 mm) diffusion and optical density methods were used to evaluate effect of different blending ratio solutions on the inhibition of bacterial growth. Measured clear none size ranged from 8 mm to 18.07 mm in paper diffusion test. For B. cereus, E. coli, and S. enteritidis, addition of $50\;{\mu}L$ blend solution (chitosan/gelatin = 2/8: 0.3 mg) resulted in clear zone on paper disc. In L. monocytogenes, inhibition effect was observed with 0.6 mg chitosan (chitosan/gelatin=4/6). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of B. cerues, L. monocytogenes, E. coli, and S. enteritidis with addition of chitosan were 0.1461, 0.2419, 0.0980, and 0.0490 mg/mL, respectively, These results indicate possibility of producing commercially feasible film with addition of optimum chitosan/gelatin amount.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.360-371
• /
• 2018

Extracts and fractions of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge were prepared and their physiological activities and components were analyzed. Antimicrobial activities of the ethyl acetate and aglycone fractions were $78{\mu}g/ml$ and $31{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, for Staphylococcus aureus and $156{\mu}g/ml$ and $125{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activities ($FSC_{50}$) of 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and aglycone fraction of A. asphodeloides extracts were $146.2{\mu}g/ml$, $23.19{\mu}g/ml$, and $71.06{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The total antioxidant capacity ($OSC_{50}$) in an $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) system were $17.5{\mu}g/ml$, $1.5{\mu}g/ml$, and $1.4{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The cytoprotective effect (${\tau}_{50}$) in $^1O_2$-induced erythrocyte hemolysis was 181 min with $4{\mu}g/ml$ of the aglycone fraction. The ${\tau}_{50}$ of the aglycone fraction was approximately 4-times higher than that of (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol (${\tau}_{50}$, 41 min). Analysis of $H_2O_2$-induced damage of HaCaT cells revealed that the maximum cell viabilities for the 50% ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and aglycone fraction were 86.23%, 86.59%, and 89.70%, respectively. The aglycone fraction increased cell viability up to 11.53% at $1{\mu}g/ml$ compared to the positive control treated with $H_2O_2$. Analysis of ultraviolet B radiation-induced HaCaT cell damage revealed up to 41.77% decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species in the $2{\mu}g/ml$ aglycone fraction compared with the positive control treated with ultraviolet B radiation. The findings suggest that the extracts and fractions of A. asphodeloides Bunge have potential applications in the field of cosmetics as natural preservatives and antioxidants.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.139-146
• /
• 1999

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of 24 hour pH monitoring in the pediatric patients with recurrent vomiting or regurgitation. Methods: We performed 24 hour pH monitoring on 87 pediatric patients with recurrent vomiting or regurgitation using GastrograpH with glass electrode. The pathologic GER was determined by the reflux index (RI). RIs>10% were considered positive in patients <1 year of age, whereas RIs of >5% were positive in other age groups. We evaluated the mean and standard deviation of the reflux parameters between physiologic and pathologic GER groups, and also compared the reflux indices of each group with respect to time zones of the day. Results: Pathologic GER was found in 32 of 87 patients (36.8%), and the age incidence included 32.5% in infants <6 months old, 13.3% in infants aged 6 months-1 year old, 61.5% in children aged 1~2 years old, 14.3% in children aged 2~3 years old and 66.7% in children >3 years old. In physiologic GER patients, the RI was $3.7{\pm}2.9%$ for the patients <1 year old (group A), and $1.8{\pm}1.5%$ for those ${\geq}1$ year old (group B) which was statistically significant between the 2 age groups (p=0.02). The number of long refluxes more than 5 minutes was significantly increased (p=0.03) in group A ($1.7{\pm}1.9$) than in group B ($0.8{\pm}1.0$). The duration of the longest reflux was significantly longer (p=0.007) in group A ($604{\pm}551$ sec) than in group B ($275{\pm}296$ sec). In pathologic GER patients, the RI was $17.7{\pm}11.6%$ for the patients <1 year old and $7.8{\pm}2.9$ for those ${\geq}1$ year old. The number of long refluxes of more than 5 minutes were $8.9{\pm}4.6$ and $3.2{\pm}1.8$, and the duration of the longest reflux were $1955{\pm}2190$ sec and $1093{\pm}706$ sec for each age group. In both physiologic and pathologic GER patients, there was no significant difference of RI among the time zones of the day. Conclusion: Pathologic GER was found in 36.8% of patients. There was significant difference of RI between those <1 year old and those ${\geq}1$ year old in physiologic GER patients. There was no significant difference of RI among the time zones of the day in both pathologic and physiologic groups. In our study, the frequency of pathplogic GER was too much higher in age group of 1~2 years old (61.5%) than in group of 6 months-1 year old (13.3%), which means that further study is needed to determine the pathologic criteria of RI (Vandenplas criteria is >5%) in the age group of 1~2 years old.