• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.22-30
• /
• 2018

In order to industrially recycle nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements included in waste NiMH batteries, electrode powder scraps were recovered by dismantle, crushing and classification from automobile waste battery module. As a result of leaching recovered electrode powder scrap with sulfuric acid solution, 99% of nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements were leached under reaction conditions of 1.0 M sulfuric acid solution, pulp density 25 g/L and reaction temperature $90^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. In addition, the rare earth elements were able to separate from nickel / cobalt solution as cerium, lanthanum and neodymium precipitated under pH 2.0 using 10 M NaOH.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.63 no.6
• /
• pp.794-805
• /
• 2020

Objective : Teriparatide is known as an effective anabolic agent not only for severe osteoporosis but also for bone healing and union. We explored the possibility of teriparatide as an alternative treatment option for osteoporotic thoracolumbar (TL) burst fracture. Methods : This retrospective study enrolled 35 female patients with mean age of 73.77±6.71 years (61-88) diagnosed as osteoporotic TL burst fracture with ≥4 of thoracolumbar injury classification and severity (TLICS) score and no neurological deficits. All patients were treated by teriparatide only (12 of group A), teriparatide plus vertebroplasty (12 of group B), or surgical fixation with fusion (11 of group C), and followed up for 12 months. Radiological outcomes were evaluated using radiological parameters including kyphotic angle (KA), segmental vertebral kyphotic angle (SVKA), compression ratio (CR), and vertebral body height (anterior [AH], middle [MH], posterior [PH]). Functional outcomes were evaluated using visual analog scale (VAS) and Macnab classification (MC). Results : There were no statistical significant differences in age, bone mineral density (-3.36±0.73), and TLICS score (4.34±0.48) among the three groups (p>0.05). Teriparatide was administered during 8.63±2.32 months in group A and B. In 12-month radiological outcomes, there were significant restoration in SVKA, CR, AH, and MH of group B and KA, SVKA, CR, AH, and MH of group C compared to group A with no radiological changes (p<0.05). All groups showed similar significant improvements in 12-month functional outcomes, although group B and C showed a better 1-month VAS, 1-month MC, 3-month MC compared to group A (p<0.05). Conclusion : Non-surgical treatment with teriparatide showed similar 12-month functional outcomes compared to surgical fixation with fusion. The additional vertebroplasty to teriparatide and surgical fixation with fusion were more helpful to improve short-term functional outcomes with structural restoration compared to teriparatide only.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 2011

The prevention of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is very important because of its high infection-rates in the swine farms and the economic impact in swne industry in Korea. To control the prevalence of PRDC, it is important to know about infection patterns of it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the infection patterns of PRDC in the northern area of Gyeongsangnam-do. To this end, the infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MH), and Swine influenza virus (SIV) were examined using 120 pig lung tissues by PCR analysis. As a result, single pathogen positive specimens were 25.0% and the others (75.0%) were turned out to be PRDC with at least two pathogens. Among PRDCs, 50 specimens (41.7%) was infected with PRRSV, PCV2, MH and SIV. Ten specimens (8.3%) showed triple infections of PRRSV, PCV2 and MH. Double infected specimens for PRRSV and PCV2 were 10 (8.3%), and for PCV2 and APP were 20 (16.7%).

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.143-154
• /
• 2003

There is a growing trend in developing system for distributed mobile system that supports services - job flow management, video conference, replicated data management and resource allocation. Supporting these services, applications have to use causally ordered message delivery. Previous proposals that provide causally ordered message delivery have problems such as communication overhead, message delaying, scalability, computing overload of mobile host. In this paper, we proposed efficient protocol for causally ordered message delivery using the methods that MSS maintains dependency information matrix between MSS and MH, Piggybacking dependency information about each immediate predecessor message. Proposed algorithm, when compared with previous proposals, provides a low message overhead, and low probability of unnecessary inhibition in delivering messages. Also, it consider resource restriction of MH and low bandwidth of wireless communication by computing most of algorithm at MSS, and reduce processing delay by executing causally ordered message delivery a unit of MH.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.4B
• /
• pp.422-428
• /
• 2011

In this paper, we introduce system and channel modeling for an underwater ad hoc acoustic network with n regularly located nodes， and then analyze capacity scaling laws based on the model. A narrow-band model is assumed where the carrier frequency is allowed to scale as a function of n. In the network, we characterize in attenuation parameter that depends on the frequency scaling as well as the transmission distance. A cut-set upper bound on the throughput scaling is then derived in extended networks having unit node density. Our result indicates that the upper bound is inversely proportional to the attenuation parameter, thus resulting in a power-limited network. Furthermore, we describe an achievable scheme based on the simple nearest-neighbor multi-hop (MH) transmission. It is shown under extended networks that the MH scheme is order-optimal for all the operating regimes expressed as functions of the attenuation parameter.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.55-66
• /
• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of artificial light sources with different light qualities on the growth and flowering characteristics of a herbaceous long-day plant, Petunia ${\times}$ hybrida Hort. Seedlings of petunia cultivar 'Madness Rose' were potted, acclimated for one week, and grown in a phytotron equipped with tube- and bulb-type fluorescent lamps (FL tube and bulb), tube-type white light-emitting diodes (LED tube), halogen lamps (HL), metal halide lamps (MH), and high pressure sodium lamps (HPS) for 10 weeks. The temperature, photoperiod, and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in the phytotron were $22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, 16 h, and $25{\pm}2{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$, respectively. Light sources combined with HL promoted stem elongation, and plant height and internode length decreased with increasing red to far-red (R:FR) ratio. FL tube + LED tube, HPS, and FL tube promoted branching, whereas plants grown under light sources combined with HL did not have any branches. Days to flowering (from longest to shortest) occurred as follows: FL tube + HL > FL tube + HL > MH > HPS = FL tube + FL bulb > FL tube + LED tube > LED tube > FL tube, indicating that reducing the R:FR ratio of the light sources promoted flowering. Only 20% of plants grown under an FL tube flowered, whereas under all other treatments, 100% of plants flowered. At 10 weeks after treatment, plants grown under HPS and MH had (cumulatively) 12 open flowers, and those grown under FL tube + FL bulb, LED tube, FL tube + LED tube, and HPS treatment had approximately seven flower buds. These results suggest that light sources with low R:FR ratios promote flowering and stem elongation in petunia, but they reduce its ornamental value due to overgrowth and poor branching.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2003

In this paper, the new scheme using a Combined Cache(CC) that combing the Paging and Routing Cache(PRC) and an alternative handoff method according to the type of data transmission for achieving the efficient realtime communication. The PRC and quasi-soft handoff method reduce the path duplication. But they increase the network traffic load because of the handoff state packet of Mobile Host(MH). Moreover the use the same handoff method without differentiating the type of transmission data. Those problems are solved by operating U with a semi-soft handoff method for realtime data transmission and with a hard handoff method for non-realtime data transmission. As a result or simulation a better performance is obtained because of the reduction of the number of control packet in case that the number of cells are below 20. And the packet arrival time and loss of packet decreased significantly for realtime data transmission.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.53-64
• /
• 2019

The term 're-use' here signifies the re-use of end-of-life products without changing their form after they have been thoroughly inspected and cleaned. In the re-use network model, the distributor determines the product order quantity on the network through which new products are received from the suppliers or products are supplied to the customers through re-use of the recovered products. In this paper, we propose a reusable network model for reusable products that considers the total logistics cost from the forward logistics to the reverse logistics. We also propose a reusable network model that considers the processing and disposal costs for reuse in an optimal inventory management environment. The authors employe Genetic Algorithm (GA), which is one of the optimization techniques, to verify the validity of the proposed model. And in order to investigate the effect of the parameters on the solution, the priority-based GA (priGA) under three different parameters and the modified Hybrid GA (mhGA), in which parameters are adjusted for each generation, were applied to four examples with varying sizes in the simulation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.214-221
• /
• 2019

Objective: To investigate the effects of reversing the coiling direction of nickel-titanium closed-coil springs (NiTi-CCSs) on the force-deflection characteristics. Methods: The samples consisted of two commercially available conventional NiTi-CCS groups and two reverse-wound NiTi-CCS groups (Ormco-Conventional vs. Ormco-Reverse; GAC-Conventional vs. GAC-Reverse; n = 20 per group). The reverse-wound NiTi-CCSs were directly made from the corresponding conventional NiTi-CCSs by reversing the coiling direction. Tensile tests were performed for each group in a temperature-controlled acrylic chamber ($37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$). After measuring the force level, the range of the deactivation force plateau (DFP) and the amount of mechanical hysteresis (MH), statistical analyses were performed. Results: The Ormco-Reverse group exhibited a significant shift of the DFP end point toward the origin point (2.3 to 0.6 mm), an increase in the force level (1.2 to 1.3 N) and amount of MH (1.0 to 1.5 N) compared to the Ormco-Conventional group (all p < 0.001), which indicated that force could be constantly maintained until the end of the deactivation curve. In contrast, the GAC-Reverse group exhibited a significant shift of the DFP-end point away from the origin point (0.2 to 3.3 mm), a decrease in the force level (1.1 to 0.9 N) and amount of MH (0.6 to 0.4 N) compared to the GAC-Conventional group (all p < 0.001), which may hinder the maintenance of force until the end of the deactivation curve. Conclusions: The two commercially available NiTi-CCS groups exhibited different patterns of change in the force-deflection characteristics when the coiling direction was reversed.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2019

Background: As of now, the impact of low back pain (LBP) and its chronic state, chronic low back pain (CLBP), on mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has never been investigated among police officers. The present investigation aims at studying this relationship using a biopsychosocial model. Methods: Between May and October 2014, a Web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Quebec police officers (Quebec, Canada). Mental HRQOL was measured using the role emotional (RE) and the mental health (MH) domains of the SF-12v2 Health Survey. The impact of CLBP on mental HRQOL (as opposed to acute/subacute LBP or no LBP) was studied with a multivariate linear regression model. Results: Of the 3,589 police officers who participated in the study, 1,013 (28.4%) reported CLBP. The mean age of respondents was $38.5{\pm}8.7years$, and 32.0% were females. The RE (44.1/100) and MH (49.0/100) mean scores of the CLBP group were comparable with the scores found in populations suffering from cancer or heart diseases. Compared to officers without LBP, the presence of CLBP was significantly associated with lower RE (${\beta}$: -0.068; p = 0.003) and MH (${\beta}$: -0.062; p = 0.002) scores. These relationships were not found in the acute/subacute LBP group. Conclusion: Our results underscore how frequent CLBP is among police officers and how burdensome it is. Considering the importance of good physical and mental health for this occupational population, police organizations should be aware of this issue and contribute to the efforts toward CLBP prevention and management in the workplace.