• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2017

Objectives: Artemisiae Annuae Herba is the dried aerial part of Artemisia annua L. (AAL). In Oriental medicine, Artemisiae Annuae Herba (AAH) is traditionally used to treat fever. AAH clears summerheat or damp-Heat, clears deficiency fevers, cools the blood and stops bleeding, stops malarial disorders and relieves heat, clears liver heat and brightens the eyes. Recently, there were many studies about effects of AAH on anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, hair growth and plasma lipid composition. So, we expected AAH has an availability that can effect on skin whitening and elasticity. Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of AAH on skin whitening and elasticity in SK-MEL-2 cells. In this experiment, the effects of AAH on proliferation rates, melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activities and production levels of tyrosinase, MMP-1 and MMP-9 in vitro were examined. Results: AAH did not affect viability of SK-MEL-2 cells and inhibited melanin synthesis induced by ${\alpha}$-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH) significantly. In addition, AAH also inhibited tyrosinase activity and lowered tyrosinase level in SK-MEL-2 cells. Finally, AAH inhibited productions of Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Conclusions: These data suggest that AAH can be used to treat patients with skin diseases such as freckled face and also used as skin whitening agent.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1994.06c
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• pp.157-160
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• 1994

본 논문에서는 한국어 숫자음 인식에 대한 이산분포 HMM과 연속분포 HMM의 인식 성능을 비교하였다. 일반적으로 연속분포 HMM은 많은 계산량이 필요하고, 학습시 초기값이 매우 민감하다는 단점이 있지만, 이산분포 HMM의 VQ로 인한 왜곡을 제거함으로써 인식률을 향상시킬 수 있다. 여기서는 성능비교를 위해서 mel-cepstrum의 분석차수, 이산분포 HMM의 codebook 크기, 연속분포 HMM의 miture 개수등에 따른 인식성능을 비교하였다. 실험 결과 이산분포 HMM에서는 mel-cepstrum 벡터가 14차이고, codebook 크기가 64일 때 가장 좋은 성능을 나타냈으며, 연속부포 HMM에서는 mel-cepstrum 벡터가 16차이고 miture가 3개일 때 가장 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 특히 학습 데이터의 양이 적은 경우에는 연속분포 HMM이 이산분포 HMM보다 더 좋은 인식률을 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.109-114
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• 2011

In this paper, we apply a context awareness based on Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to a sound reinforcement for hearing impaired. In our approach, the harmful sound amplified through the sound reinforcement algorithm according to context awareness based on GMM which is constructed as Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) feature vector from sound data. According to the experimental results, the proposed approach is found to be effective in the various acoustic environments.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.131-144
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• 2007

In an effort to improve the performance of mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), we investigate the effects of varying the parameters for the filter banks and their associated windows on speech recognition rates. Specifically, the mel and bark scales are combined with various types of filter bank windows. Comparison and evaluation of the suggested methods are performed by two independent ways of speech recognition and the Fisher discriminant objective function. It is shown that the Hanning window based on the bark scale yields 28.1% relative performance improvements over the triangular window with the mel scale in speech recognition error rate. Further work on incorporating PCA and/or LDA would be desirable as a postprocessor to MFCC extraction.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.209-212
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• 2003

In this paper, we proposed new speech feature parameter through parts-based feature extraction of speech spectrum using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF). NMF can effectively reduce dimension for multi-dimensional data through matrix factorization under the non-negativity constraints, and dimensionally reduced data should be presented parts-based features of input data. For speech feature extraction, we applied Mel-scaled filter bank outputs to inputs of NMF, than used outputs of NMF for inputs of speech recognizer. From recognition experiment result, we could confirm that proposed feature parameter is superior in recognition performance than mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) that is used generally.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.148-154
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• 2021

With the advent of context-aware computing, many attempts were made to understand emotions. Among these various attempts, Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) is a method of recognizing the speaker's emotions through speech information. The SER is successful in selecting distinctive 'features' and 'classifying' them in an appropriate way. In this paper, the performances of SER using neural network models (e.g., fully connected network (FCN), convolutional neural network (CNN)) with Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) are examined in terms of the accuracy and distribution of emotion recognition. For Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS) dataset, by tuning model parameters, a two-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (2D-CNN) model with MFCC showed the best performance with an average accuracy of 88.54% for 5 emotions, anger, happiness, calm, fear, and sadness, of men and women. In addition, by examining the distribution of emotion recognition accuracies for neural network models, the 2D-CNN with MFCC can expect an overall accuracy of 75% or more.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.230.1-230.1
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• 2002

In this study, anti-cancer effect of N-phenyl-O-phenylthionocarbamate (PPTC) substitutes was investigated. and the apoptotic mechanism by these substrates was examined on SK-MEL -28 human skin cancer cell line. SK-MEL -28 cell was treated at various concentrations for 48hr. and then MTT assay was performed to gain IC$\sub$50/ value and examine cytotoxicity of PPTC substitutes, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) between cell and these PPTC substitutes was examined. (omitted)

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.249-264
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• 1995

Although liposome has many advantages as a pharmaceutical dosage form, its application in the industrial field has been limited because of some problems such as preparation method, reproducibility, scale-up, stability and sterilization etc. Liposomes prepared by microemulsification method had defined size, narrow size distribution, reproducibility and high entrapment efficiency. For enhancing the stability, the dry form of liposome was recommended. These types of liposome are proliposome and freeze-dried liposome. The liposome must have some properties for preparing of freeze-dried liposome; small size $(50{\sim}200\;nm)$, narrow size distribution and cryoprotectant. In this experiment, the liposomes containing 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU) and its prodrug(pentyl-5-FU-1-acetate; PFA, hexyl-5-FU-1-acetate; HFA) were made with soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, stearylamine(SA) and dicetyl phosphate(DCP) employing hydration method or microemulsification method using $Microfluidizer^{TM}$. Both or liposome types were MLV and MEL. After preparation, freeze drying and rehydration were performed. In the process of freezing, trehalose(Tr) was added as a cryoprotectant. Their evaluation methods were as follows; entrapment efficiency, mean particle size and size distribution, dissolution test, retain of entrapment efficiency and turbidity after freeze-drying. The results are summarized as belows. The entrapment efficiency of 5-FU was dependent on total lipid concentration and cholesterol content but that of PFA and HFA was decreased when cholesterol was added. When DCP and SA were added, entrapment efficiency was decreased. As the partition coefficient of drug was increased, entrapment efficiency was increased. Under the same condition, entrapment efficiency of MEL is similar to that of MLV. The mean particle size and size distribution of MEL were smaller than those of MLV. Dissolution rates of drug from both liposome types were comparatively similar. Dissolution rates of drugs with serum and liver homogenate were faster than without these material. After preparation of liposome, free drug was removed efficiency by Dowex 50W-X4. When liposome was freeze-dried and then rehydrated in the presence of Tr, characteristics of liposome were maintained well in MEL than MLV. Tr Was used successfully as a cryoprotectant in the process of freeze drying and the optimal ratio of Tr:Lipid was 4:1(g/g).

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.640-645
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• 2021

The deep learning based end-to-end TTS system consists of Text2Mel module that generates spectrogram from text, and vocoder module that synthesizes speech signals from spectrogram. Recently, by applying deep learning technology to the TTS system the intelligibility and naturalness of the synthesized speech is as improved as human vocalization. However, it has the disadvantage that the inference speed for synthesizing speech is very slow compared to the conventional method. The inference speed can be improved by applying the non-autoregressive method which can generate speech samples in parallel independent of previously generated samples. In this paper, we introduce FastSpeech, FastSpeech 2, and FastPitch as Text2Mel technology, and Parallel WaveGAN, Multi-band MelGAN, and WaveGlow as vocoder technology applying non-autoregressive method. And we implement them to verify whether it can be processed in real time. Experimental results show that by the obtained RTF all the presented methods are sufficiently capable of real-time processing. And it can be seen that the size of the learned model is about tens to hundreds of megabytes except WaveGlow, and it can be applied to the embedded environment where the memory is limited.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2024

Objectives : We aimed to study the effect of Smilax China L.(SCL), which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, on the growth of skin cancer cells. Methods : HaCaT cells, a normal human cell line, and skin cancer cells including A431, SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28 cells were treated with Smilax China L. ethanol extract(SCL-EtOH) at concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 40㎍/㎖. Meanwhile, JB6 Cl41, a normal mouse epithelial cell line, was treated with epidermal growth factor(EGF) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate(TPA), an inflammatory factor, to induce cell transformation and treated with SCL-EtOH. In addition, we treated SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28 cells with SCL-EtOH at various concentrations and checked the effect on the cell cycle. Results : As a result, it showed no toxicity to HaCaT cells up to the highest concentration of 40㎍/㎖, and significant cell growth inhibition to A431, SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, as a result of checking the shape of skin cancer cells according to SCL-EtOH treatment, it was observed that as the concentration increased, the number of normally attached and growing cells decreased and the shape of the cells changed. Colony formation was significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner in JB6 Cl41 cells treated with EGF or TPA. Flow cytometry analysis with propidium iodide(PI) staining showed that SCL-EtOH induced the G2/M phase arrest. We further confirmed the decrease in Cyclin B1 expression and increase in p27 expression associated with the G2/M phase of the cell cycle through western blot analysis. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that SCL-EtOH induced cell apoptosis. Furthermore, through Western blot analysis, it was observed that the expression of cleaved-caspase-7, which is related to apoptosis, increased. Finally, it was confirmed that the expression of COX-2, an inflammatory marker protein, decreased in a concentration-dependent manner with SCL-EtOH. Conclusions : Through the above results, we have established a basis for applying SCL to the treatment of skin cancer.