• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 2015

Background: Antiallergic effect of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), an intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponins, was investigated in guinea pig lung mast cells and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells activated by a specific antigen/antibody reaction. Methods: Increasing concentrations of PPT were pretreated 5 min prior to antigen stimulation, and various inflammatory mediator releases and their relevant cellular signaling events were measured in those cells. Results: PPT dose-dependently reduced the release of histamine and leukotrienes in both types of mast cells. Especially, in activated bone marrow-derived mast cells, PPT inhibited the expression of Syk protein, cytokine mRNA, cyclooxygenase-1/2, and phospholipase $A_2$ ($PLA_2$), as well as the activities of various protein kinase C isoforms, mitogen-activated protein kinases, $PLA_2$, and transcription factors (nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ and activator protein-1). Conclusion: PPT reduces the release of inflammatory mediators via inhibiting multiple cellular signaling pathways comprising the $Ca^{2+}$ influx, protein kinase C, and $PLA_2$, which are propagated by Syk activation upon allergic stimulation of mast cells.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

In the performance test for wind turbines of medium and large, The reference met-mast should be installed for measurement reference wind speed as IEC 61400-12-1 standards and design of booms for mounted an anemometer must be considered exactly. Boom-mounted cup anemometer are influenced by flow distortion of the mast and the boom. Therefore design of booms must be important so that flow distortion due to booms should be kept below 0.5%. But, in some cases at size of met-mast structure, the distance of boom from mast is longer then measurement of wind speed is impossible because of oscillation of boom-mounted anemometer. In this paper, We measured a wind speed at several point from mast and boom and we analyzed the error of wind speed at each point of measurement. Also, we will suggest a correction method using the data curve fitting about errors of wind speed between each point of mounted anemometer.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-51
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• 2011

Objectives : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of Gamisoyo-san(Jiaweixiaoyaosan, SYS) on serotonin activity of P815 Mast Cell. Methods : The effects of SYS on activation of TPH-1 mRNA and AAADC mRNA in P815 mast cell were investigated. The effect of SYS on content of serotonin in P815 mast cell was investigated. The effects of SYS on activation of DPPH and SOD in P815 mast cell were investigated. Results : 1. The SYS increased the activation of SOD and DPPH in P815 mast cell. 2. The SYS decreased the manifestation TPH-1 mRNA in P815 mast cell. 3. The SYS decreased the manifestation AAADC mRNA in P815 mast cell. Conclusions : This experiment shows that Gamisoyo-san might not be effective for treating depression in terms of biogenic amine theory. However, Gamisoyo-san showed significant anti-oxidative effect and it can not yet be ruled out for treating depression. Therefore, pathogenesis of depression and clinical research of Gamisoyo-san is suggested for future research.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 1997.05a
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• pp.65-74
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• 1997

By using guinea pig lung mast cells, this study aimed to examine the effects of Aloe component(NY945) on the mediator releases caused by mast cell activation, and also aimed to assess the effects of NY945 on the mechanism of mediator releases in the mast cell activation. We partially purified mast cells from guinea pig lung tissues by using the enzyme digestion, the rough and the discontinuous density percoll gradient method. Mast cells were sensitized with $IgG_1$ (anti-OA) and challenged with ovalbumin. Histamine was assayed by fluorometric analyzer, leukotrienes by radioimmunoassay The phospholipase D activity was assessed more directly by the production of labeled phosphatidylethanol or phosphatidylbutanol which was produced by phospholipase D-mediated transphosphatidylation in the presence of ethanol or butanol. The amount of mass 1,2-diacylglycerol was measured by the [$^3H$]1,2-diacylgycerol produced when prelabeled with [$^3H$]myristic acid. In the mast cells prelabeled with L-[$^3H$]methyl methionine the phospholipid methylation was assessed by measuring the incorporation of the [$^3H$]methyl moiety into phospholipids. Pretreatment of NY945(10$\mu$g) significantly decreased histamine and leukotrienes releases during mast cell activation. The decrease of histamine release was stronger than that of leukotrienes during mast cell activation. The phospholipase D activity increased by the mast cell activation was decreased by the dose-dependent manner in the pretreatment of NY945. The amount of mass 1,2-diacylglycerol produced by activation of mast cells were decreased in the pretreatment of NY945. NY945 pretreatment strongly inhibited the incorporation of the [$^3H$]methyl moiety into phospholipids. The data suggest that NY945 purified from Aloe inhibits in part an increase of 1,2-diacylglycerol which is produced by activating mast cells with antigen-antibody complexes which is mediated via phosphatidylcholine-phospholipise D and phosphatidylinositole-phospholipise C systems, and then followed by the inhibition of histamine release. Furthermore, NY945 reduces the phosphatidylcholine production by inhibiting the methyltransfsrase I and II, which decrease the conversion of phosphatidylcholine into arachidonic acid and inhibits the production of leukotrines.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-128
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• 2004

Mast cells and goblet cells have the ability to protect against parasites by increasing mucus production that traps and excludes worms and prevents their intimate contact with the gut mucosa in the host. In this study, we investigated the function of mast cells and goblet cells for the rejection of Echinostoma hortense (E. hortense). In addition, we used both C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice in order to examine whether mast cells and goblet cells function differentially according to the strains of mice. After an oral infection with 30 E. hortense metacercariae, the number of mucosal mast cells and goblet cells, as well as worm recovery rate, were observed in experimentally infected mice between 1 week and 8 weeks post-infection (PI). Worm recovery rates in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice were 65.7％ and 23％, respectively, in week 1 P.I., indicating that worm expulsion in C3H/HeN mice was higher than in BALB/c mice. Our results demonstrate that the period (week 3 P.I.) in which worm recovery falls rapidly is the same period that the number of goblet cells and mast cells reaches a peak. These results indicate that worm recovery significantly correlates with the growth rate of goblet cells and mast cells (P=0.0482). However, worm expulsion is not associated with goblet cells or mast cells in BALB/c mice.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 1991

In order to know the influence of mast cells on the mammary tumor development, the growth of the mammary carcinoma, the numerical changes and the morphological findings of mast cells appeared in the tumor were microscopically observed in the rat treated with DMBA and each chemical of histamine, heparin, pyrilamine or cimetidine. The results observed were summarized as follows: The tumor induction time that represented the number of days elapsing between the 3rd DMBA administration until a first tumor became $10{\times}10mm$ in diameter was $42.5{\pm}4.7$ days, and the mean number of tumor mass per rat was $3.4{\pm}1.2$ in the DMBA-treated group. No significant difference was apparent in the tumor induction time of the histamine-treated group, heparin-treated group or pyrilamine-treated group compared with the control group, but in the cimetidine-treated group the tumor induction time was $61.8{\pm}10.6$ days (p<0.005). The mean number of tumors per rat was $2.1{\pm}0.9$ in the cimetidine-treated group in contrast to $3.4{\pm}1.3$ in the control group (p<0.005). Numerical changes of mast cells were observed according to the development of DMBA induced mammary tumors that were separated into three major classes of tumors. The numbers of mast cells in all the experimental group were inclined to increase significantly according to the mammary tumor development (p<0.005), and the histamine-treated group, heparin-treated group, or pyrilamine-treated group were nearly similar to the control group. But the mast cells in the each stage of tumor development were more numerous in the cimetidine-treated group than in the control group (p<0.005). There were not significant in the numerical changes of mast cells among the experimental groups on each stage of carcinomas separated by early stage, middle stage and late stage. In the morphological characteristics of mast cells, the degranulation was not detectable from the hyperplasia stages to the early stage of carcinoma, but its degranulation was observed at the middle stage of carcinoma. Most mast cells were nearly degranulated at the late stage of carcinoma. The histamine treated group, pyrilamine-treated group and cimetidine treated group did not differ from the control group in morphological changes of mast cells, but the degranulation was shown mild in the heparin-treated group. And the degranulation gave rise to the depletion of intercellular matrix via exocytosis all the experimental group. From above results, it is supposed that mast cells inhibit the tumor development and that the inhibition is not caused by a single-factor, but by a complex activities of mast cell mediators.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.343-353
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• 1991

In order to investigate the histopathological, mechanism of Rompun-induced shock, the development of mammary carcinoma, the numerical changes and the morphological findings of the mast cells appeared in the carcinoma were microscopically observed in the rat treated with DMBA and each chemical of compound 48/80 and Rompun. Also mast cell degranulation induced by Rompun was observed with electron microscope. The results observed were summarized as follows: Tumor appeared in 100% of the animals. Tumors grew more rapidly to $10{\times}10mm$ in rats depleted of mast cells ($37.7{\pm}4.2$ days) than was observed in the control group ($42.5{\pm}4.7$ days) (p<0.005). The mean number of tumors per rat was $2.8{\pm}1.3$ in the compound 48/80- treated group in contrast to $3.4{\pm}1.3$ in the control group. No significant difference was apparent in the tumor induction time of Rompun treated group compared with the compound 48/80-treated group, but the tumor measuring at least $10{\times}10mm$ appeared more quickly in the Rompun treated group than in the control group (p<0.005). The numbers of mast cells in the control group were inclined to increase significantly according to the mammary tumor development (p<0.005). In contrast, the mast cells were fewer significantly in the compound 48/80-treated group and Rompun-treated group than in the control group (p<0.005). The numbers of mast cells in the compound 48/80-treated group and Rompun-treated group were inclined to reduce significantly according to the stages of the mammary carcinoma growth in contrast to the control group respectively. The ultrastructural morphologies of mast cells at 30 minutes after Rompun injection were appeared many normal granules in the cytoplasm, but many normal and degranulated granules were scattered along the cell membrane. And at 1 hour after Rompun injection mast cell granules were disappeared nearly or rarely seen. many long cytoplasmic projections were folded back to adhere to their own surface membrane. and mast cells resulted in a reduced size of these cells. Otherwise. compound 48/80 caused extensive degranulation of mast cells by disrupting cell membrane. but mast cell degranulation by Rompun was observed exocytosis of granules through a channel. From the above results. it is concluded that the Rompun may give rise to the dealth of animals as a shock caused by mast cell degranulation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.2 s.133
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• pp.132-137
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• 2003

The effect of aqueous extract of Isodon japonicus Hara (Labiatae) (IJAE) on mast cell-mediated immediate-type allergic reactions was investigated. IJAE inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated local anaphylaxis. When IJAE was pretreated at the same concentration with systemic anaphylaxis, serum histamine levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. IJAE dose-dependently inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) activated by compound 48/80. The level of cAMP in human mast cell line (HMC-1) cells, when IJAE was added, significantly was increased, compared with that of normal control. These results indicate that IJAE will beneficial in the treatment of immediate-type allergic reaction.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.239-244
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• 2011

Immediate-type hypersensitivity is involved in many allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and anaphylaxis. The discovery of drugs for the treatment of allergic disease is an important subject in human health. Stimulation of mast cells releases inflammatory mediators, such as histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines with immune regulatory properties. We investigated the effect of the aqueous extract of Schizonepeta tenuifolia (AEST) (Labiatae) on the immediate-type allergic reaction. AEST inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic allergic reaction. AEST attenuated immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated skin allergic reaction and histamine release from human mast cell line (HMC-1) cells. In addition, AEST decreased the gene expression and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187)-stimulated HMC-1 cells. Our results indicate that AEST inhibits the mast cell-derived allergic reactions and involvement of histamine and pro-inflammatory cytokines in these effects.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2003

In the intestinal mucosa, mast cells are thought to be responsible for the expulsion of parasites. We investigated the relationship of worm expulsion and mast cells in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice infected with Echinostoma hortense. In addition, we examined whether the worm recovery rate was associated with the strain of mice, and whether a toluidine stain and immunohistochemistry using the c-kit antibody was effective in the detection of mast cells. In order to investigate the mucosal immune response of C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice, each mouse was infected orally with 30 E. hortense metacercariae. Then, the number of mucosal mast cells and worm recovery rates was observed in experimentally infected mouse strains between 1 week and 8 weeks post infection (PI). Mucosal mast cells were increased in 3 weeks P.I. in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice. On the other hand, only mucosal goblet cells and worm recovery rates correlated in C3H/HeN mice (P=0.0482). Worm recoveries in C3H/HeN mice were 65.7$\pm$5.6, 53.3$\pm$5.4 and 6.7$\pm$0.6 in week 1, 2, and 3 P.I. and strongly decreased in week 3 P.I. Worm recoveries in BALB/c mice were 23.0$\pm$2.5, 10.0$\pm$1.0, and 6.7$\pm$0.6% in week 1, 2, and 3 P.I. and gradually decreased from week 1 P.I. to week 3 P.I. Worm recoveries in C3H/HeN mice were significantly higher than in BALB/c mice (P<0.00l). The number of mast cells in C3H/HeN and BALB/c mice using the anti-c-kit antibody reached to a peak in week 3 P.I. and recovered as normal level in week 5 P.I. and 6 P.I. The number in E. hortense-infected C3H/HeN mice (P=0.0015) was higher than in E. hortense-infected BALB/c mice (P=0.01) compared with the control group. There were significant differences in the number of mast cells among regions of the intestine in in C3H/HeN mice (P<0.05) but not in BALB/c mice (P>0.05). Immunohistochemistry using the anti-c-kit antibody was significant method as an examination of the number of mast cells (P=0.0002). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that mast cells play an important role in worm recovery, and immunohistochemistry using the anti-c-kit antibody was superior to toluidine stain as an examination of mast cells.