• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.4 s.117
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• pp.48-60
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• 2006

This study was carried out to create a master plan for an urban eco-forest, including concepts of forest restoration, forest management, and nature education. The concept of an urban eco-forest is different from the original eco-forest, which pursues the conservation of native species in their habitats, using the resources of special plants, etc. The study site was a hill (128m) managed as an urban natural park. Citizens have usually used the park for fitness purposes, as a place for outdoor exercise early mornings on weekdays and holidays. The result of a questionnaire survey showed that the users knew about the eco-forest, and they wanted to participate in the nature education programs. The flora and actual vegetation were weak about conservation of native species on the site. The framework of the plan consisted of development of the ecological forest and forest restoration, and allowed for recreation and the experience of nature, according to the concepts of the urban eco-forest. The landscape was divided into the experience zone of biodiversity, the experience zone of a valley ecosystem, the forest restoration zone, and the recreation and experience zone in nature. Based on this framework, detailed programs and theme areas were planned, as were forest restoration models and planting plans.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.102-118
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to propose an ecological management plan by the comprehensive analysis of biotope structures on Namsan Urban Natural Park in Seoul. Classified by actual vegetation, structure of layer and vegetation damage, biotope structures were composed of forest area, compact management area, herb area, cultivated area and non-ecology(urban) area. Succession had seened to stop in the Native forest. Artifical forest was divided into two types. The first, upper layer, was too dense to accommodate lower layer plants, the other case was the appearance of Quercus spp. and the first stage plants of succession following the declination of the upper layer plants. The soil pH of Nam-san Urban Park was 4.21∼4.51, which meant the soil was becoming acid. As the result of acidity, leaching of available nutrition(K/sup +/, NH₄/sup +/, Ca/sup ++/ etc.) was immediately influenced by the natural ecosystem, influence of acid rain was disturbed to becoming organic matter which was use to plants. In the case of a biotope structure management plan, the urban area was prohibited to spread outside. Cultivated and herb area was regenerated to natural forest. In the forest area, the compact management area was maintained with its present condition, and then it is desirable to make a preservation area and to plant shrubs. Planted Pinus densiflora Community was needed to eliminate competitive species of canopy layer, and plant shrubs. Management of deciduous broad-leaved Comm. was maintained in its present conditionand it is desirable to raise the diversity of the understory and shrub layer. The management of the artifical forest seems to be suitable for Q. spp. community. The care of naturalized plants prevents the expansion and restores the structure of wild plants. The soil management was a marked restoration soil ecosystem in order to prevent soil acid and drying.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 1998

This study was carried out to lead the scientific management of the urban forest by estimating the forest environment. Forest environmental information was constructed using IDRISI system based on survey data, soil, plant, and digital elevation data. Forest environmental information was consisted of soil depth, soil organic content, soil hardness and parent rock as a soil environmental factor, and forest community, tree age, crown density as a plant environmental factor. Plant activity and topographic environment also were analyzed by using remote sensing data and digital elevation data. Environmental function of urban forest was estimated based on results of soil conservation and forest productivity. 70% of urban forest is located in elevation of lower than 200m and 55% of forest area have the slope of lower than 15 degree. Analyzed soil conservation status and forest productivity were almost the same as the soil chemical properties of collected soil sample and the vegetation index estimated using remote sensing data, respectively. Thus, the constructed forest environmental information could be useful to give some ideas for management of urban forest ecosystem and establishment of environmental conservation planning, including forests, in Taejon. The best forest environmental function was appeared at the natural ecology preservation zone. Current natural parks and urban parks were appeared to establish the environmental conservation plan for further development. The worst forest environmental function was appeared at the forest near to the industrial area and an overall and systematic plan was required for the soil management and high forest productivity because these forest was developing a severe soil acidification and having a low forest productivity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.566-574
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• 2010

This study was carried out for the purpose of understanding the situation of the urban forest and presenting basic data bases for a proper management plan through the analysis of forest vegetation and soil characteristics. In three representative urban forests of Deajeon, we analyzed the differences of vegetation and soil properties in each geological location. The indices of ecological health such as Species Diversity and Maximum Species Diversity are increasing in the order of Namseon Park, Wolpyung Park and Mt. Bomun; the first is in the center of the city, the second is well-conserved inner-city park and the third is in the border of the city. In the soil analysis of Namseon Park where human disturbance is strong, the surface fuel bed was very thin just 0.5cm and the soil was harder than the other two urban forests, the soil hardness was $0.5{\sim}3.7kg/cm^2$. All three urban forests showed low $pH_{1:5}$ under 5.0 except Robinia pseudo-acasia association of Wolpyung and low exchangeable cation level. These results say that the urban forests of Deajeon have been being acidified severely and the eluviation of exchangeable cation is proceeding. The organic matter and the available phosphate level was lower than the average level of Korean forest. It means that nutrition supply is not sufficient. In Daejeon urban forests, the management plan of urban forest is necessary according to the analysis result of vegetation and soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.4 s.111
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• pp.79-96
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• 2005

This study is to suggest the technique of ecological park to compatible mountain ecosystem near the urban in Woomyeonsan Urban Nature Park. It was proposed to differential technique from established ecological park focused on changing the cognition of nature, wetland ecosystem protection and restoration, and studying by served sound leisure program(nature observation and experience, etc.), in compatible mountain and urban forest near the Urban. Firstly, to achieve this aim, it was carried out delicated research and analysis that were the angle of inclination, trail, fauna, actual vegetation, bird and insect, and then to selected nature trail course and analysis capability through it.. In the basic concept and plan, firstly to make park aid mark and foundation mark, and then to establish the detail programs, nature observation program, management and organization program. This site where valley and mountain coexist was highly capable but whole site was very steep, so usable area is very narrow. To make Woomyeonsan nature ecological park escape from the established wetland type, ecological park and the park of event have to use nature material and introduce visitor. To establish it as the Nature Culture observation park and reflect on forest, valley of Woomyeonsan was divided into three display places; Nature ecosystem Zone, Meditation Zone, Nature Culture experience Zone and Nature Culture observation Center. For satisfying with ecological park aid mark and foundation mark, it was proposed to settle management plan for volunteer control and organization composition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.3 s.39
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• pp.171-190
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• 1990

It is the purpose of this study to address how to manage the urban vegitation using the concept of Urban Forestry which is relatively new to Korea. When we consider the Urban Forestry as a science, We should understand it interdisciplinary subject which includes Forestry, Horticulture, Urban Planning, Landscape Design, Landuse Planning, Business and Humanities. It may say that people and tree are the fundermental components of Urban Forestry. So there are two ways of Urban Forestry Applications-How people care for trees and How trees care for People-. For the application, this study places the focus on the monetary valuation, tree inventory system and traditional forestry application to urban forest management. Pubic Relation, Communication, Ordinances and Budget are also mentioned as a part of Urban Forestry Policy. Monetary valuation of trees and forests is very important for the proper cognition of their real value. So that, they may be equated and weighed against conflicting uses which would cause to be removed or severely mutilated. A tree inventory system which is the essential part of urban tree management can provide the pertinent information about the present condition of urban tree resource. It may aid in reducing the subjectivity of tree management decisions and stimulate them to be made rapidly and can help reduce potential municipal liability by identifying serious problems in time for corrective maintenance practices to be applied for the maximize community benefits and minimimize public nuisances or hazards. Managers can derive the information from the inventory and use it for the various management plan. When we see the structure of tree inventory system as one of the data base management system, Computer is the best equipment for the efficient management plan. Public relation and communication is also important factors to care the people for urban vegetation management. Volunteer management system is a good example for the public relation and communication. Those skills are need to develop for using the priceless, valuable human resources. Budget holds the key to the execution of Urban Forestry. Good inventory can provide for efficient budgeting stratiges through it's scientific analysis for the way of maximum benefits and minimum costs. Forest can be play a vital role for the aesthetic improvement and recreation in the city. This study suggests that the traditional sivicultural application not only improve the quality of scenic beauty and recreation but also the products of timber. So it is more needed to study for strong and scientific application to urban forest management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.443-453
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• 2015

In 1922, Hongneung forest was established to support the study of Korean forestry. Nowadays the forest also plays a role as urban forest which provides a green space for local people. This paper proposes the better management plan of Hongneung forest based on visitor monitoring. On-site surveys with a structured questionnaire were carried out from August to November in 2014 and total 750 data were analyzed. The survey results are as follows: 1) Visitors were inclusive of all age groups and most of them lived nearby Hongneung forest, 2) Visitors used the forest mainly for recreational purposes and recognized the forest as 'Green space' rather than 'experimental forest', 3) Visitors had great satisfaction from the forest visit and raised the necessity of more environment education and promotion of the program. Based on the results, the following solutions have been suggested: 1) Environment education will help visitors to raise awareness on the importance of Hongneung forest which plays a role as both experimental and urban forest, 2) Systematic visitor monitoring can contribute to efficient visitor management and administration of the areas. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish a visitor management system that enable to achieve a harmonization between nature conservation and recreational demands as well as to improve management of natural resource and service.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.3
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• pp.315-320
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• 2016

This study was carried out to establish a management plan for urban forest trails with analysis of trail damage types and soil physicochemical properties on 3 urban forest parks in Jinju, Gyeongnam-do. We found that soil hardness was significantly higher in forest trails than forest area at 0 cm and 5 cm at a significance level of 0.05. However, we could not find any significant differences for other soil properties. For the trail damage types, the most common types were as follows: trail expansion (66%), trail erosion (59%), side road (57%), and trail boundary erosion and root exposure (41%). The results showed no difference in most of these types between the trails and forest area, indicating that the forest area might be damaged as well as the trails. Priority should be given to prepare measures that prevent soil compaction from overcrowded hikers.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.192-195
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• 2018

To establish a management strategy of sediment-related disasters for adaptation to climate change, it is necessary to 1) understand the specific details and problems about the present status, 2) systematize related technologies by using exact numerical values obtained from physically-based analysis, and 3) ensure the basic guidelines are applied to field elastically. To achieve these successfully, detailed guidelines are required by scientifically considering the utilization and impact of related technology on the field. Here, detailed guidelines should include 1) the development of a basic plan, 2) enhancement of relevant technical instructions, 3) establishment of survey and inspection methods, 4) procedure of erosion control works in urban living sphere, and 5) proactive countermeasures against sediment-related disaster caused by earthquakes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.31-46
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• 2021

In South Korea, there is a growing domestic need for a biotope map which contains ecological and environmental geographic information of a city. After the production of a Urban Ecological Maps(biotope map) by the Seoul metropolitan government in 2000, Natural Environment Conservation Act was revised in 2017 to make it mandatory for a local government to draw up its own urban ecological map. The aim of the present study was to find out ways to utilize an urban ecological map as a mean of communication between natural environment planning and urban planning sectors in a preliminary stage before introducing a big framework of 'environmental and ecological planning.' The northern area of Incheon metropolitan city was selected as the target area for this study. The major research content includes a comparative analysis of special-purpose zones, urban planning zones, restricted development zones, and conservation forests with focus on biotope types and Grades 1 of 'Biotope Type Assessment.' Farmland biotopes and forest biotopes within an area designated as an urban zone (residential, commercial and industrial zones) need to be redesignated as a zone which can conserve them. Especially considering a high possibility of damage to a large scale of natural green areas, these areas need to be readjusted immediately. If the entire area designated as an urban planning zone is to be developed, it is likely to cause serious damage to natural biotopes in the area (56.2%), including farmland biotope (30.4%), forest biotope (15.0%) and grassland biotope (10.8%), and thus, readjustment is needed. In case of a conservation forest, as it can possibly be damaged by the designation of special-purpose zones, it is necessary to match the designation of conservation forests or a special-purpose zones with their biotope types. In conclusion, we present a variety of thematic maps for utilization of an urban ecological map and propose a phase-specific environmental and ecological plan. Phase 1 is the establishment of a urban plan in consideration of ecological status; Phase 2 is the independent establishment of an environmental and ecological plan by an environment department; Phase 3 is an integrated management of ecological planning system and urban planning system.