• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.196-205
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• 2004

The cutting characteristics and the deformed layer of nitrogen(N)-added type 316LN stainless steel were comparatively investigated to type 316L stainless steel. The cutting force, the surface roughness(Ra) and the tool wear in face milling works were measured with cutting conditions, and the deformed layers were obtained from micro-hardness testing method. The cutting resistance of type 316LN was similar to type 316L in spite of its high strength. The surface roughness of type 316LN was superior to type 316L for all the cutting conditions. In particular, in the high cutting speed above 345m/min, the surface roughness of the two stainless steels was closely same. The deformed layer thickness of the two stainless steels was generated in the 150$\mu\textrm{m}$-300$\mu\textrm{m}$ ranges, and its value of type 316LN was lower than that of type 316L. This is due to the high strength properties by nitrogen effect. It was found that type 316LN was higher in the tool wear than that type 316L, and flank wear was dominant to crater wear. In face milling works of type 316LN steel, tool wear is regarded as a important problem.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.184-189
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• 2015

In this study, the combined effect of chloride and thiosulfate ions and the effect of the ratio of the two ions on passivation in 304L, 316L, and the duplex stainless steels 2101 and 2205 are investigated using potentiostatic scratch tests. Cyclic polarization and the scratch tests were used to understand the role of anions on localized corrosion in these systems. It was found that the thiosulfate pitting began at a lower potential for 2101 than 304L in 0.6 M NaCl + 0.03 M $Na_2S_2O_3$ solution. The pit morphologies for 304L, 316L, and 2101 in an 0.6 M NaCl + 0.03 M $Na_2S_2O_3$ solution were very different from each other. The results indicate that the pitting switches from predominately thiosulfate pitting to chloride pitting at approximately 0.1 V.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.696-697
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• 2006

This paper presents the densification and microstructure evolution of bilayer components made from 316L stainless steel and M2 High speed steel during co-sintering process. The sintering was carried out at temperatures ranging from $1230-1320^{\circ}C$ in a reducing atmosphere. The addition of boron to 316L was examined in order to increase the densification rate and improve the sintering compatibility between the two layers. It was shown that the mismatch strain bettwen the two layers induces biaxial stresses during sintering, influencing the densification rate. The effect of boron addition was also found to be positive as it improves the bonding between the two layers.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2000

High temperature materials in service are subjected to mechanical damage due to operating load and metallurgical damage due to operating temperature. Therefore, when designing or assessing life of high temperature components, both factors must be considered. In this paper, the effect of tensile hold time on high temperature fatigue crack growth and long term prior thermal aging heat treatment on creep rupture behavior were investigated using STS 316L and STS 316 austenitic stainless steels, which are widely used for high temperature components like in automotive exhaust and piping systems. In high temperature fatigue crack growth tests using STS 316L, as tensile hold time increased, crack growth rate decreased in relatively short tensile hold time region. In long term aged specimens, cavity type microcracks have been observed at the interface of grain boundary and coarsened carbide.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.357-362
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• 2008

The 2-step low temperature plasma processes (the combined carburizing and post-nitriding) were carried out for improving both the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel. The effects of processing time and temperature on the surface properties during nitriding step were investigated. The expanded austenite (${\gamma}_N$) was formed on all of the treated surface. The thickness of ${\gamma}_N$ was increased up to about $20{\mu}m$ and the thickness of entire hardened layer was determined to be about $40{\mu}m$. The surface hardness reached up to $1,200HV_{0.1}$ which is about 5 times higher than that of untreated sample ($250HV_{0.1}$). The thickness of ${\gamma}_N$ and concentration of N on the surface were increased with increasing processing time and temperature. The corrosion resistance in 2-step low temperature plasma processed austenitic stainless steels was enhanced more than that in the untreated austenitic stainless steels due to a high concentration of N on the surface.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.192-196
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• 2013

Stainless steels (AISI 316L) are carburized by Inductively coupled plasma using $CH_4$ and Ar gas. The ${\gamma}_c$ phase(S-phase) is formed on the surface of stainless steel after carburizing process. The XRD peak of carburized samples is shifted to lower diffracting angle due to lattice expansion. Overall, the thickness of ${\gamma}_c$ phase showed a linear dependence with respect to increasing temperature due to the faster rate of diffusion of carbon. However, at temperatures above 500, the thickness data deviated from the linear trend. It is expected that the deviation was caused from atomic diffusion as well as other reactions that occurred at high temperatures. The interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and corrosion resistance are measured in a simulated proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) environment. The ICR value of the carburized samples decreased from 130 $m{\Omega}cm^2$ (AISI 316L) to about 20 $m{\Omega}cm^2$. The sample carburized at 200 showed the best corrosion current density (6 ${\mu}Acm^{-2}$).

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.116-121
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• 2009

The 2-step low temperature plasma processes (the combined carburizing and post-nitriding) offer the increase of both surface hardness and thickness of hardened layer and corrosion resistance than the individually processed low temperature nitriding and low temperature carburizing techniques. The 2-step low temperature plasma processes were carried out for improving both the surface hardness and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L stainless steel. The influence of gas compositions on the surface properties during nitriding step were investigated. The expanded austenite (${\gamma}_N$) was formed on all of the treated surface. The thickness of ${\gamma}_N$ and concentration of N on the surface increased with increasing both nitrogen gas and Ar gas levels in the atmosphere. The thickness of ${\gamma}_N$ increased up to about $20{\mu}m$ and the thickness of entire hardened layer was determined to be about $40{\mu}m$. The surface hardness was independent of nitrogen and Ar gas contents and reached up to about 1200 $HV_{0.1}$ which is about 5 times higher than that of untreated sample (250 $HV_{0.1}$). The corrosion resistance in 2-step low temperature plasma processed austenitic stainless steels was also much enhanced than that in the untreated austenitic stainless steels due to a high concentration of N on the surface.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.171-178
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• 2013

In a polymer membrane fuel cell stack, the bipolar plate is a key element because it accounts for over 50% of total costs of the stack. In order to lower the cost of bipolar plates, 316L stainless steels coated with nitrides such as TiN and CrN by physical vapor deposition were investigated as alternative materials for the replacement of traditional brittle graphite bipolar-plates. For this purpose, interfacial contact resistances were measured and electrochemical corrosion tests were conducted. The results showed that although both TiN and CrN coatings decreased the interfacial contact resistances to less than $10m{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^2$, they did not significantly improve the corrosion resistance in simulated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell environments. A CrN coating on 316L stainless steel showed better corrosion resistance than a TiN coating did, indicating the possibility of using modified CrN coated metallic bipolar plates to replace graphite bipolar plates.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.47 no.11
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• pp.716-721
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• 2009

The major drive for the application of low-temperature plasma treatment in nitrocarburizing of austenitic stainless steels lies in improved surface hardness without degraded corrosion resistance. The low-temperature plasma nitrocarburizing was performed in a gas mixture of $N_{2}$, $H_{2}$, and carbon-containing gas such as $CH_{4}$ at $450^{\circ}C$. The influence of the processing time (5~30 h) and $N_{2}$ gas composition (15~35%) on the surface properties of the nitrocarburized layer was investigated. The resultant nitrocarburized layer was a dual-layer structure, which was comprised of a N-enriched layer (${\gamma}_N$) with a high nitrogen content on top of a C-enriched layer (${\gamma}_C$) with a high carbon content, leading to a significant increase in surface hardness. The surface hardness reached up to about $1050HV_{0.01}$, which is about 4 times higher than that of the untreated sample ($250HV_{0.01}$). The thickness of the hardened layer increased with increasing treatment time and $N_{2}$ gas level in the atmosphere and reached up to about $25{\mu}m$. In addition, the corrosion resistance of the treated samples without containing $Cr_{2}N$ precipitates was enhanced than that of the untreated samples due to a high concentration of N on the surface. However, longer treatment time (25% $N_{2}$, 30 h) and higher $N_{2}$ gas composition (35% $N_{2}$, 20 h) resulted in the formation of $Cr_{2}N$ precipitates in the N-enriched layer, which caused the degradation of corrosion resistance.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.137.2-137.2
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• 2010

본 연구는 스테인리스 스틸(STS)을 직접메탄올 연료전지(DMFC)용 바이폴라 플레이트에 적용하기 위한 것이다. 약산성의 연료전지 환경에서 부식저항성을 향상시키고자 오스테나이트계 STS 316L과 페라이트계 STS 430에 UBM(unbalanced magnetron) DC sputter로 CrN 코팅막을 제작하였다. CrN이 코팅된 스테인리스 스틸은 부식특성, 접촉 저항 및 접촉각 등을 측정하여 무 코팅의 스테인리스 스틸과 특성을 비교하였다. 그리고 이들 재료의 연료전지(DMFC) 적용 가능성을 알아보기 위하여 단위전지로 제작하여 연료전지 성능 등을 측정하고 평가하였다. 무 코팅 스테인리스 스틸(STS 316L, STS 430)과 CrN 코팅 스테인리스 스틸의 부식저항 특성은 동전위와 정전위 실험으로 조사하였다. 동전위 부식 실험은 -0.4~1.0 V로 0.001 M의 황산용액 또는 메탄올을 첨가하여 질소 또는 공기의 환경에서 실험을 실시하였으며, 정전위 부식 실험은 0.4 V 또는 0.6 V에서 진행하였다. 연료전지의 단전지 측정은 실제 DMFC의 운전조건에서 실시하였다. 부식실험과 단전지 실험 전/후 메탈 바이폴라 플레이트의 조직 변화는 SEM을 통해 관찰하였고, 부식산화물의 화학적 조성과 메탈 바이폴라의 표면은 EDS를 이용하여 측정하였다.