• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

In this paper, the outage probability of device-to-device (D2D) uplink communication underlaying cellular networks is analyzed over Rayleigh fading. We assume that a D2D pair and M cellular user equipments share the same frequency resources. To prevent any harmful interference from a D2D transmitter to the BS, the maximum transmit power of the D2D transmitter is strictly limited. Under these assumptions, the outage probability is represented as a function of the interference-to-signal ratio from M cellular user equipments to a D2D receiver and the number of cellular user equipments, M. In addition, the interference-to-signal ratio is represented as a function of distances among D2D equipments, cellular user equipments and the BS. Simulation results validate these analytical results.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1802-1807
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• 2009

Platycodin D, a major component of Platycodi radix, is known to have various activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor activities and others. Recently, it was reported that platycodin D inhibits fat accumulation and adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether various adipogenic regulators are modulated by platycodin D treatment during the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. mRNA levels of terminal markers of adipogenesis such as ADIPOQ (adiponectin) and GLUT (glucose transporter) 4, which were quantified by real time PCR, were decreased by platycodin D treatment. mRNA expression of PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) $\gamma$ and C/EBP (CCAAT/enhaner binding protein) $\alpha$, which are central transcription factors of adipogenesis, were also decreased by platycodin D treatment. To elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism of platycodin D-induced inhibition of adipogenesis, we analyzed mRNA expression of upstream regulators of PPAR$\gamma$ and C/EPB$\alpha$. mRNA levels of the pro-adipogenic regulators, KROX20 and KLF (Kruppel-like factor) 15 were markedly down-regulated by platycodin D treatment. On the other hand, mRNA expression of CHOP (C/EBP homologous protein), an anti-adipogenic regulator, was significantly up-regulated by platycodin D treatment. mRNA levels of other pro-adipogenic regulators, C/EBP$\beta$ and C/EPB$\delta$, were not affected by platycodin D treatment, and another anti-adipogenic regulator, C/EBP$\gamma$ was also not affected by platycodin D treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that platycodin D-induced inhibition of adipogenesis is mediated by gene interactions including the down-regulation of pro-adipogenic regulators, KROX20 and KLF15, and the up-regulation of an anti-adipogenic regulator, CHOP.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.1911-1923
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• 2023

The nuclear safety assessment involving large transient simulations is forcing the community to develop methods for coupling thermal-hydraulics and neutronic codes and three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. In this paper a set of dynamic boundary conditions are implemented in OpenFOAM^Ⓡ in order to apply zero-dimensional (0D) approaches coupling with 3D thermal-hydraulic simulation in a single framework. This boundary conditions are applied to model pipelines, tanks, pumps, and heat exchangers. On a first stage, four tests are perform in order to assess the implementations. The results are compared with experimental data, full 3D CFD, and system code simulations, finding a general good agreement. The semi-implicit implementation nature of these boundary conditions has shown robustness and accuracy for large time steps. Finally, an application case, consisting of a simplified open pool with a cooling external circuit is solved to remark the capability of the tool to simulate thermal hydraulic systems commonly found in nuclear installations.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.231-235
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• 1989

The effects of choline and choline esters(acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol) on motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment were examined and $pD_2$ values of each drugs were compared. The results were as follows. In choline, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-2}M$, $ED_{50}$ was $2.4{\times}10^{-3}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 2.619. In acetylcholine, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-4}M$, effect was hardly showin in $10^{-9}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $0.5{\times}10^{-5}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 5.154. In methacholine, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-5}M$, effect was hardly shown in $10^{-9}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $9{\times}10^{-7}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 6.045. In carbachol, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-5}M$, effect was hardly shown in $10^{-11}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $5.7{\times}10^{-7}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 6.244. In bethanechol, there were revealed that maximum effective concentration was $10^{-4}M$, effect was hardly shown in $10^{-8}M$ concentration, $ED_{50}$ was $3.3{\times}10^{-6}M$, and $pD_2$ value was 5.480. Choline and choline esters caused contraction on motility of isolated rabbit jejunum segment. The order of $pD_2$ values of drugs was carbachol, methacholine, bethanechol, acetylcholine and choline (in the descending order of potency).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.2171-2175
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• 2013

The electronic structure and elastic properties of the 4d transition metal carbides MC (M = Y, Zr, Nb, Rh) were studied by means of extended H$\ddot{u}$ckel tight-binding band electronic structure calculations. As the valence electron population of M increases, the bulk modulus of the MC compounds in the rocksalt structure does not increase monotonically. The dominant covalent bonding in these compounds is found to be M-C bonding, which mainly arises from the interaction between M 4d and C 2p orbitals. The bonding characteristics between M and C atoms affecting the variation of the bulk modulus can be understood on the basis of their electronic structure. The increasing bulk modulus from YC to NbC is associated with stronger interactions between M 4d and C 2p orbitals and the successive filling of M 4d-C 2p bonding states. The decreased bulk modulus for RhC is related to the partial occupation of Rh-C antibonding states.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.380-383
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• 1996

Adenosine deaminase inhibitor was extracted from culture broth of Streptomyces sp. strain V-8 with ethylacetate. The ethylacetate extract showed the characteristic UV absorption spectrum of actinomycins at 440-450 nm. The ethylacetate extract was compared with respect to inhibitory behavior against adenosine deaminase from calf intestinal mucosa with actinomycin D, -C complex and actinomycin V. The Ki values for actnomycin D, -C complex, and actinomycin V against adenosine deaminase were determined to be 9.9 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ M, 9.6 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ M and 9.3 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ M, respectively. The Ki value for the ethylacetate extract of culture broth against adenosine deaminase was determined to be 5.7 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ M. The kinetic parameters of actinomycin D, -C complex, -V and ethylacetate extract of culture broth for adenosine deaminase were as follows:I$_{50}$ = 1.5 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ M (actinomycin D), 2.7 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ M (actinomycin C complex), 3.5 $\times$ 10$^{-5}$ M (actinomycin V), 8.9 $\times$ 10$^{-6}$ M (ethylacetate extract of culture broth). The adenosine deaminase was inhibited noncompetitively by ethylacetate extract of culture broth as well as by actinomycin D, -C complex and actinomycin V.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.657-663
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• 2012

The Ca deficiency is a serious problem in the propagation of domestically bred 'Seolhyang' strawberry through soil cultivation. The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of the Ca containing fertilizers on the decrease of Ca deficiency symptoms and in the growth of mother and daughter plants. To achieve this, chemicals of 1.125 mM $Ca(OH)_2$, 0.375 mM $MgCl_2$, and 1.25 mM KCl were blended to contain the K:Ca:Mg (4:2:1) and the influence was compared to a commercial fertilizer, Azuro-Calma ($NO_3$-N 13%, $K_2O$ 1%, CaO 16%, MgO 6%), when those were applied as solutions with the electrical conductivity (EC) controlled to 0.6 or 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$. During 120 days after transplant, the Azuro-Calma was more effective than the combined fertilizer in the reduction of mother and daughter plants on which Ca deficiency was appeared. The application of two Ca containing fertilizers resulted in the heavier fresh and dry weights of mother plants. The treatments of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of two fertilizers were more effective than those of 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$. The combined fertilizer was also more effective than Azuro-calma on the growth of above ground plant tissue. The results in length, fresh and dry weight of runners occurred from a mother plants showed that the treatment of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of combined fertilizer was most effective followed by those of 1.0dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of Azuro-Calma, 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of combined fertilizer, 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ of Azuro-Calma, and control. The fresh weights of daughter plants were heavier in the treatments of Ca application than those in the control treatment, but the differences between 0.6dS ${\cdot}m^{-1}$ and control were not significant. The above results indicate that Azuro-Calma is more effective in decreasing plants showing the Ca deficiency symptoms. However, the combined fertilizer of K:Ca:Mg is more desirable when we are concerned about the decrease of crops showing Ca deficiency as well as increase of the growth in above ground plant tissue.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 1986

Optimum temperature and pH of glutamine synthetase activity (E.C. 3.6.1.2.) of R. sphaeroides D-230 was $35^{\circ}C$ and 6.8, respectively. The adenylated state of GS in R. sphaeroides D-230 was stabilized by addition of 0.2mg/ml of cethyltrimethylammoniumbromide. Valine, histidine, proline, isoleucine, and lysine were good nitrogen source for the growth of R. sphaeroides D-230. The growth of R. sphaeroides D-230 in $N_2,\;NaNO_3\;or\;NH_4Cl$ as sole nitrogen source was lower than in any otherculture conditions. GS activity was inhibited, more or less, by various amino acid. THe relative inhibition rate of the enzyme by added 7mM arginine, $NH_4Cl,\;N_2,\;and\;NaNO_3$ was 63.8%, 26.79%, 6.24%, and 10.64%, drespectively. THe hydrogen evolution of R. sphaeroides D-230 grown in N-limited media was inhibited by 0.1mM MSX, irreversible GS inhibitor. GS activity was completely inhibited by 1.0mM MSX but ammonia released maximally at the same concentration of MSX. Ammonia release by added MSX was increased up to 1.0mM MS, but decreased above 1.0mM MSX. It is probably due to inhibition of nitrogenase actixity by MSX. Nitrogenase activity was not inhibited at low concentration of MSX. These results suggests that the inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ammonia is mediated by products of ammonia assimilation rather than by ammonia itself.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nutrient solution strength on the growth of miniature multiflora P. amabilis and P. Taisuco Red Jewel at two growth stages during four months cultivation in an ebb and flow system. Early stage plants gained the biggest leaf length and width when nutrient solution strength was EC 0.5 or $1.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in P. amabilis, and EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in P. Taisuco Red Jewel. Root length and weight were the greatest when nutrient solution strength was EC $0.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in both cultivars and this trend was also found in middle stage plants. Fresh and dry weights of leaves increased as nutrient solution strength was elevated and were the greatest when nutrient solution strength was EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in P. amabilis. On the contrary elevation of nutrient solution strength decreased fresh weight of roots, being the greatest when nutrient solution strength was EC $0.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. This trend was also found in P. Taisuco Red Jewel and P. amabilis at middle growth stage. The T/R ratio and chlorophyll content increased with nutrient solution strength and were the greatest regardless of cultivar and growth stage when nutrient strength was EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.807-811
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• 2007

Diabetes is marked by high glucose levels and is associated with decreased bone mass and increased fracture rates. To determine if [6]-gingerol could influence osteoblast dysfunction induced by 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dRib), osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells was treated with dRib and [6]-gingerol and markers of osteoblast function and oxidized protein were examined. [6]-Gingerol ($10^{-7}\;M$) significantly increased the growth of MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib (p<0.05). [6]-Gingerol ($10^{-7}\;M$) caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, collagen content, and osteocalcin secretion in the cells. We then examined the effect of [6]-gingerol on the production of osteoprotegerin and protein carbonyl in osteoblasts. Treatment with [6]-gingerol ($10^{-9}$ and $10^{-7}\;M$) increased osteoprotegerin secretion in osteoblastic cells. Moreover, [6]-gingerol ($10^{-9}$ and $10^{-7}\;M$) decreased protein carbonyl contents of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in the presence of 30 mM dRib. Taken together, these results demonstrate that [6]-gingerol inhibits dRib-induced damage and may be useful in the treatment of diabetes related bone diseases.