• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 1973

Cultural method, dark field microscopy & fluorescent antibody technique were compared for their sensitivity of the detection of leptospires from experimentally infected mice. Two groups of mice were infected with L. icterohemorrhagiae (M20) and L. australis (Ballico), and the infected blood, urine and a number of organs were subjected to the bacterial isolation. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. L. icterohemorrhagiae (M20) and L. australis (Ballico) in blood, urine and various tissues of experimentally infected mice were detected with a negrigible non specificity, by the fluorescent antibody technique. 2. The fluorescent antibody technique, as applied to detection of leptospires in blood, urine and various infected tissue, proved to be better than cultural method and dark-field microscopy. 3. Early detection of leptospires by fluorescent antibody technique were possible in blood at 2 days after inoculation, whereas detection of organisms in liver, spleen, lung and kidney were observed later. By means of fluorescent antibody technique, the detection of leptospires in kidney and urine was possible up to 34 days postinoculation, whereas those in other parts were impossible. 4. Fluorescent antibody reaction of leptospires were highly specific to homologous antigen rather than to heterologous one. 5. Fluorescent antibody technique may be of value in the application for the demonstration of leptospira from clinical specimens.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2021

The roots of reed (Phragmites australis) were used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory problems, including symptoms such as high fever and cough. In this study, we identified the active ingredient from 70% EtOH reed root extract, and evaluated the whitening, wrinkle improvement and moisturizing effects. The content of p-coumaric acid, the active ingredient of the roots of P. australis, was slightly lower in 70% EtOH extract than in 100% EtOH extract. However, 70% EtOH reed root extract showed similar or higher effect in reducing power, DPPH, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and nitric oxide scavenging activity compared to 100% EtOH extract. Moreover, 70% EtOH reed root extract markedly inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 cells treated with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. 70% EtOH reed root extract significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced elastase activity in HDF human dermal fibroblasts. In addition, 70% EtOH reed root extract ameliorated hyaluronic acid synthase-2 (HAS-2) expression induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) stimulation in HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this study suggest that 70% EtOH reed root extract has potential as a functional cosmetic material related to whitening, wrinkle improvement, and moisturizing.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1061-1069
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• 2019

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is widespread in reclaimed land and wetland habitats. Every year, the common reed produces extensive colonies by means of underground rhizomes and ground-surface stolons. From an agricultural point of view, the common reed's large biomass is a good material for supplying organic matter. However, it has not yet been studied in terms of seedling production, transplanting conditions, and decomposition characteristics in reclaimed land. Seeds were harvested from the native common reed in Saemangeum, South Korea, the previous year and stored on an open field. The seeds were sowed in the greenhouse at the beginning of April. Common reed decomposition was studied from June to September, with the use of coarse mesh (5 mm) stem litterbags, on three samping dates and with five replicate packs per sample. These packs were dug in five soil condition (low-salinity topsoil, subsoil, high-salinity topsoil, subsoil, paddy topsoil) to 0.2 m and 0.4 m depth. The highest germination rate of common reed seeds was observed in non-salt solution, but the exhibited germination rate was 70% at 9.38 dS m^-1. The plant height of young reed decreased steadily with increasing salinity, but leaf number did not decrease by 9.38 dS m^-1. The survival rate of the two-year-old reed was 83.3%, which was 35% higher than that of the one-year reed. The transplant success rate was 0% in the no vinyl mulching in the soil, but the first year and second year seedlings survived rates were 63% and 83.3%, respectively, in vinyl mulching. Common reed decomposition rates were faster low salinity than high salinity. All nutrient contents were found to fluctuate significantly with time by soil conditions. We also need to study the growth rate of reed transplanting seedlings by soil moisture contents and the comparison of degradation in common reed tissues.

• Mycobiology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.373-383
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• 2015

Five halophytic plant species, Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda australis, Phragmites australis, and Suaeda glauca Bunge, which are native to the Muan salt marsh of South Korea, were examined for fungal endophytes by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region containing ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2. In total, 160 endophytic fungal strains were isolated and identified from the roots of the 5 plant species. Taxonomically, all 160 strains belonged to the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota. The most dominant genus was Fusarium, followed by the genera Penicillium and Alternaria. Subsequently, using 5 statistical methods, the diversity indices of the endophytes were determined at genus level. Among these halophytic plants, P. australis was found to host the greatest diversity of endophytic fungi. Culture filtrates of endophytic fungi were treated to Waito-C rice seedlings for plant growth-promoting effects. The fungal strain Su-3-4-3 isolated from S. glauca Bunge provide the maximum plant length (20.1 cm) in comparison with wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi (19.6 cm). Consequently, chromatographic analysis of the culture filtrate of Su-3-4-3 showed the presence of physiologically active gibberellins, $GA_1$ (0.465 ng/mL), $GA_3$ (1.808 ng/mL) along with other physiologically inactive $GA_9$ (0.054 ng/mL) and $GA_{24}$ (0.044 ng/mL). The fungal isolate Su-3-4-3 was identified as Talaromyces pinophilus.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 2015

For the ecological evaluation of marine algal vegetation, flora and their communities were surveyed seasonally at Goseong, on the southern coast of Korea. A total of 102 algal species, comprising 17 green, 18 brown and 67 red algae, was identified. Representative dominant species were assessed as Ulva australis, Sargassum thunbergii, and Gelidium amansii. Of these, Ulva australis was remarkably dominant in all seasons. High biomass of the dominant species were recorded. The total seasonal biomass was highest in winter and lowest in summer. The mean biomass value was $1315.6g/m^2$ across the four seasons. Each species was classified into six functional groups, and two ecological state groups (ESG) were evaluated based on these groups. While ESG I, the late successional species group, formed only 18.6% of the algal community; ESG II, composed of opportunistic species, comprised 81.4%. This suggests that environmental stress has been continuously imposed on the marine algal vegetation of the present study area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.359-364
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the seasonal pattern of N and P uptake by reeds (Phragmites australis) planted in newly constructed Shihwa tidal freshwater marshes. Reed and soil samples were collected from the wetland periodically from June 2000 to May 2002. Reed samples were analyzed for dry weight and content of N and P Soil organic matter content and salinity were also determined. Dry matter content of reed increased during the growing season but decreased in the fall and winter. However, this seasonal pattern was not so evident in the second year. In particular, throughout the measurement period, dry matter content of reed was lowest at a site showing high soil salinity. Regression analyses between dry matter content of reed and soil EC(1:5) suggested that dry matter content per unit square meter would decrease by 1.5 kg with every 1 dS m/sup -1/ increase in soil EC(1:5). The amount of N and P assimilated by reed significantly decreased from the fall and was lowest in the spring. Net decrease in N content from reed during the fall and next spring was calculated as 34.5 and 24.6 g m/sup -2/ in the first and second years, respectively, while the corresponding P loss was 4.0 and 1.8 g m/sup -2/. Soil organic mailer content increased in the fall and winter, but decreased in the spring and summer. The results of this study suggested that the removal of N and P by reed would be considerable during the growing season but the nutrients taken up by reeds would return as detritus to the marshes in the fall and winter. Based on the results of the study, therefore, the harvest of the reed at the latter part of the growth would be recommended to prevent further water quality degradation. However, the long-term effects of reed harvest needs further study.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.768-775
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• 2015

Seasonal variability in the marine seaweed community structure was examined in the intertidal zones at nine study sites in Hallyeohaesang National Park, on the southern coast of Korea from March to October 2014. A total of 145 seaweeds were indentified, comprising 15 green, 41 brown and 89 red algae. Coarsely branched seaweeds were the dominant functional group, comprising 58.95% in species number, whereas filamentous, sheet, thick leathery, crustose and jointed calcareous forms comprised 2.63-17.72% each. The seaweed biomass averaged 358.00 g dry wt/m² and it was maximal at Somaemuldo (847.64 g dry wt/m²) and minimal at Gamam (56.51 g dry wt/m²). Based on biomass, the dominant and subdominant seaweeds were Ulva australis at Gamam, Sargassum thunbergii at Sangju, Ulva australis and S.fulvellum at Neukdo, S.horneri at Dala-Bijindo-Somaemuldo, S. thunbergii at Dapo, and Corallina pilulifera at Songdo. Community indices were as follows: dominance index (DI), 0.43-0.71; richness index (R), 8.26-16.50; evenness index (J'), 0.36-0.54; and diversity index (H'), 1.57-2.19. In conclusion, we found that both biomass and the community structure of seaweeds in Hallyeohaesang National Park were similar to those in other studies of the Southern Sea along the Korean peninsula, and that Hallyeohaesang National Park is a relatively favorable habitat for seaweeds. Future studies should examine the changes in seaweed composition and biomass as they relate to climate change and environmental pollution.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.314-324
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate whether 1) photosynthetic pigments(chlorophylls and carotenoids) are formed in dodder plant(Cuscuta australis), 2) there are any characteristics in the pigment biosynthesis, compared to that of other normal plants, and 3) dodder responds to some herbicides having target site on chloroplast. 1. Chlorophyll content of dodder tendrill grown under a natural daylight was 9 times and 50 times lower than that of field bindweed stem and leaf, respectively. 2. The photosynthetic pigment contents varied in different tissues, being higher in a apical region than in a lower region of seedling or tendrill. Chlorophyll wasn't almost observed below the 4th internode from the upper. 3. Pigment contents were greatly dependent on light intensity so that there were 4 to 6 times difference among light conditions. When the shoot containning low pigment contents under natural light, was incubated in growth chamber with various light intensities, the pigment contents were increased by 3 times of initial contents at about 97${\mu}E$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$PAR. While the change in pigment contents was not observed at above 450${\mu}E$ $m^{-2}s^{-1}$PAR 4. Exogenous supply of 5mM 5-aminolevulinic acid increased protochlorophyllide by 7 times and 1.4 times in the etiolated shoot from field bindweed rhizome and in dodder stem, respectively, showing that dodder relatively has a low response to 5-aminolevulinic acid. 5. Pigment loss was observed in the treatment of paraquat, norflurazon, oxyfluorfen and diuron, and protoporphyrin IX was accumulated by oxyfluorfen as in normal plants Based on above results, several chracteristics of pigment biosynthesis in dodder seem to be summerized as follows. Photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis in Cuscuta australis runs even in low level. The pigment contents is differentially distributed in different regions and their contents seem significantly to be controlled by light intensities. Especially, chloroplast rapidly tends to degenerate with the development of tissue. Some herbicides having target site on chloroplast induce damage to dodder stem but are unlikely to control it well in field, except paraquat, due to low chloroplast activity and parasitic mode of nutrition.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1999

This study was conducted to obtain the basic information on saline tolerance of plants. Fourteen plant species were grown under different salinity adjusted with NaCl. After 14 days treatment, physiological changes were investigated. Proline contents of tested plants were increased as salinity was increased. Acalvpha australis, Bidens bipinnata, Erechitites hieracifolia, Erigeron canadensis, Punicum dichotomiflorum, and Solanum nigrum showed drastic increase of proline contents in 200mM NaCl treatment. But Atriplex gmelini, Suaeda asparagoldes did not show drastic increase. As the NaCl concentration increased to 200mM in media, both contents of $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were increased. Acalypha australis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Erechitites hieracifolia, and Solanum nigrum showed drastic increase in $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ contents under 200mM NaCl. But Suaeda asparagoides. Atriplex gmelini, and Spergularia marina were slightly increased. As salinity increased, the $K^+/Na^+$ ratio of halophytes, such as Suaeda asparagoides, Atriplex gmelini, and Spergularia marina were more slightly decreased than glycophytes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2021

The monthly variability in marine algal flora and community structure was examined in the intertidal zones of Doripo, and the biomass of an edible alga, Ulva prolifera, at Gaip-ri of Hampyong Bay on the southwestern coast of Korea was investigated over one year from April 2008 to March 2009. A total of 22 seaweeds were identified including five green, four brown, and 13 red algae. Based on importance value, Ulva australis was dominant over the year and the subdominant species were Ulva linza and Caulacanthus ustulatus at the Doripo coast of Hampyong Bay. The vertical distribution in terms of importance values was in the order of Ulva linza - C. ustulatus - U. australis - Sargassum thunbergii from the upper to the lower intertidal zones. The biomass of U. prolifera ranged between 2.4-98.2 g dry wt. m^-2, with a maximum in June and a minimal in November. In the field, U. prolifera biomass could be positively related to seawater temperature. However, further research on the association between biomass and other environmental factors such as nutrients and light intensity is required.